University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 8 3 2024 09 22 Fair urban environment: the relationship between social justice and urban environmental quality Fair urban environment: the relationship between social justice and urban environmental quality 1 24 8383 10.22124/upk.2025.27041.1934 FA Mostafa Akbari Motlaq Ph.D Candidate, Urban Planning, Fine Arts Faculty, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Behnaz Aminzadeh Full Professor, Department of Urban Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 03 16 Introduction: Social justice and urban environmental quality are important concepts that affect people's well-being and nature preservation. Environmental injustice occurs when a group of people, especially marginalized and vulnerable groups, are more exposed to environmental risks and hazards than others, such as pollution, climate change, and natural disasters. In addition to affecting their health, livelihood, and quality of life, this is, according to an interpretation by Solomonian and Ragiro, a product of flawed systems and processes that cause social injustice, such as exploitation, oppression, and elite dominance, in a vicious circle. It affects the environment, biodiversity, and ecosystem services (Solomonian and Ruggiero, 2021). Methodology: Meta-analysis is a method that is used to study various methods and achievements of previous research focused on a specific topic to achieve a summary of theoretical perspectives and study dimensions and possible gaps in that field. The meta-analysis method can lead the researcher to an evaluative framework for use in the field of study and provide the necessary background for expanding concepts and theories or completing previous methods and discovering research interests (Higgins & Green, 2011). In this method, first, a sufficient statistical population of valid previous research is searched and collected by a precise and repeatable algorithm, and then the separate and combined content analysis is performed using appropriate analytical tools (Borenstein et al, 2020; Ioannidis, 2017). In this research, the same method has been used using CMA 3.7 software and the version equipped with Python scripts. In this regard, the keywords of social justice and quality of the urban environment were searched separately in the title section of the Science Direct database between 1990 and 2023, and the result was 4955 and 5000 scientific and research articles, respectively. Then, the combined keyword "social justice and quality of urban environment" was searched in the mentioned period in the Elsevier/Science Direct scientific database as a title, which after review and refinement, The primary statistical and analytical data of 58 fully related articles that dealt with both topics were selected. Results: Several key challenges obstruct research on the relationship between social justice and urban environmental quality. Firstly, the complexity and uncertainty of environmental problems and solutions pose a challenge. Environmental issues and social justice are often viewed concerning multiple intertwined factors and actors, including trade-offs and conflicts between different goals and interests, complicating the definition, measurement, and comprehensive and coherent addressing of problems and solutions. Secondly, there is a lack of participation and comprehensive representation of affected communities and stakeholders. Research often relies on dominant epistemologies and methodologies, potentially excluding or marginalizing the voices and perspectives of those most affected by environmental problems and solutions, leading to potentially biased or incomplete knowledge and results. Thirdly, the persistence of structural racism and colonialism exacerbates the distribution of benefits and environmental pressures. The literature has grappled with the challenge of transforming historical and institutional factors that have created and perpetuated environmental and social inequalities among different groups and regions of the world. These factors often operate on multiple levels and dimensions and are embedded in the values and narratives of the dominant culture, making analytical studies difficult and costly. Lastly, the dominance of economic growth and consumerism as the main drivers of environmental destruction and social injustice presents a challenge. The literature has grappled with the challenge of conflicting paradigms and choosing alternative paths, resulting in the examination of the concept of social justice without relying on the logic and mechanisms of economic growth and consumerism. This perspective may necessitate fundamental changes in production and consumption patterns, as well as the distribution and allocation of resources and responsibilities between nations and generations. However, the existence of a robust and specific theoretical framework is a prerequisite. Discussion: An urban environment, a man-made setting, comprises basic physical and social aspects where individuals live, work, interact, and avail services such as parks, green spaces, urban transportation, amenities, and cultural events. A fair urban environment, therefore, offers opportunities and equitable access to all residents, irrespective of income, gender, ethnicity, age, or physical ability. This concept and approach are crucial as they promote social justice and human rights by ensuring everyone can enjoy a decent quality of life and participate in the city's civic and cultural life. They bolster economic development and innovation by attracting and fostering a diverse and inclusive workforce, drawing talents and investment, and enhancing productivity and competitiveness. They heighten public environmental awareness, leading to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, improvement in air quality, preservation of natural resources and biological species, adaptation to climate changes, and provision of environmental flexibility. They advocate public health by providing opportunities for physical activity, recreation, and social interaction, thereby improving public health and well-being. They offer a realistic approach, moving away from idealism, which is necessary in the current idealized world for the present and future of cities and their residents. The research findings reveal several critical points for researchers and decision-makers in the field of a fair urban environment. Firstly, the category of a fair urban environment cannot be considered separately from the theoretical and practical issues of social justice, as these two concepts mutually influence each other. Secondly, a fair urban environment requires an interdisciplinary and collaborative approach that utilizes the knowledge and experience of local and affected communities and listens to their voices. Thirdly, a fair urban environment necessitates a change in the systems and structures formed based on the values of exploitation, commodification, and domination, which produce ecological and social crises. Fourthly, a fair urban environment presents an opportunity to effect positive changes at the local and global levels, leading to the improvement of human well-being and nature protection. Despite the strengths and applications of this research, it has limitations. Among other things, due to the focus on the meta-analysis method, only written and existing sources have been used. Also, to validate the findings, a case study and adaptation of the findings based on the local context are needed, which expands the research topic. Further research using various methods and different case studies in this field can offer comprehensive solutions to realize a fair urban environment. Introduction: Social justice and urban environmental quality are important concepts that affect people's well-being and nature preservation. Environmental injustice occurs when a group of people, especially marginalized and vulnerable groups, are more exposed to environmental risks and hazards than others, such as pollution, climate change, and natural disasters. In addition to affecting their health, livelihood, and quality of life, this is, according to an interpretation by Solomonian and Ragiro, a product of flawed systems and processes that cause social injustice, such as exploitation, oppression, and elite dominance, in a vicious circle. It affects the environment, biodiversity, and ecosystem services (Solomonian and Ruggiero, 2021). Methodology: Meta-analysis is a method that is used to study various methods and achievements of previous research focused on a specific topic to achieve a summary of theoretical perspectives and study dimensions and possible gaps in that field. The meta-analysis method can lead the researcher to an evaluative framework for use in the field of study and provide the necessary background for expanding concepts and theories or completing previous methods and discovering research interests (Higgins & Green, 2011). In this method, first, a sufficient statistical population of valid previous research is searched and collected by a precise and repeatable algorithm, and then the separate and combined content analysis is performed using appropriate analytical tools (Borenstein et al, 2020; Ioannidis, 2017). In this research, the same method has been used using CMA 3.7 software and the version equipped with Python scripts. In this regard, the keywords of social justice and quality of the urban environment were searched separately in the title section of the Science Direct database between 1990 and 2023, and the result was 4955 and 5000 scientific and research articles, respectively. Then, the combined keyword "social justice and quality of urban environment" was searched in the mentioned period in the Elsevier/Science Direct scientific database as a title, which after review and refinement, The primary statistical and analytical data of 58 fully related articles that dealt with both topics were selected. Results: Several key challenges obstruct research on the relationship between social justice and urban environmental quality. Firstly, the complexity and uncertainty of environmental problems and solutions pose a challenge. Environmental issues and social justice are often viewed concerning multiple intertwined factors and actors, including trade-offs and conflicts between different goals and interests, complicating the definition, measurement, and comprehensive and coherent addressing of problems and solutions. Secondly, there is a lack of participation and comprehensive representation of affected communities and stakeholders. Research often relies on dominant epistemologies and methodologies, potentially excluding or marginalizing the voices and perspectives of those most affected by environmental problems and solutions, leading to potentially biased or incomplete knowledge and results. Thirdly, the persistence of structural racism and colonialism exacerbates the distribution of benefits and environmental pressures. The literature has grappled with the challenge of transforming historical and institutional factors that have created and perpetuated environmental and social inequalities among different groups and regions of the world. These factors often operate on multiple levels and dimensions and are embedded in the values and narratives of the dominant culture, making analytical studies difficult and costly. Lastly, the dominance of economic growth and consumerism as the main drivers of environmental destruction and social injustice presents a challenge. The literature has grappled with the challenge of conflicting paradigms and choosing alternative paths, resulting in the examination of the concept of social justice without relying on the logic and mechanisms of economic growth and consumerism. This perspective may necessitate fundamental changes in production and consumption patterns, as well as the distribution and allocation of resources and responsibilities between nations and generations. However, the existence of a robust and specific theoretical framework is a prerequisite. Discussion: An urban environment, a man-made setting, comprises basic physical and social aspects where individuals live, work, interact, and avail services such as parks, green spaces, urban transportation, amenities, and cultural events. A fair urban environment, therefore, offers opportunities and equitable access to all residents, irrespective of income, gender, ethnicity, age, or physical ability. This concept and approach are crucial as they promote social justice and human rights by ensuring everyone can enjoy a decent quality of life and participate in the city's civic and cultural life. They bolster economic development and innovation by attracting and fostering a diverse and inclusive workforce, drawing talents and investment, and enhancing productivity and competitiveness. They heighten public environmental awareness, leading to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, improvement in air quality, preservation of natural resources and biological species, adaptation to climate changes, and provision of environmental flexibility. They advocate public health by providing opportunities for physical activity, recreation, and social interaction, thereby improving public health and well-being. They offer a realistic approach, moving away from idealism, which is necessary in the current idealized world for the present and future of cities and their residents. The research findings reveal several critical points for researchers and decision-makers in the field of a fair urban environment. Firstly, the category of a fair urban environment cannot be considered separately from the theoretical and practical issues of social justice, as these two concepts mutually influence each other. Secondly, a fair urban environment requires an interdisciplinary and collaborative approach that utilizes the knowledge and experience of local and affected communities and listens to their voices. Thirdly, a fair urban environment necessitates a change in the systems and structures formed based on the values of exploitation, commodification, and domination, which produce ecological and social crises. Fourthly, a fair urban environment presents an opportunity to effect positive changes at the local and global levels, leading to the improvement of human well-being and nature protection. Despite the strengths and applications of this research, it has limitations. Among other things, due to the focus on the meta-analysis method, only written and existing sources have been used. Also, to validate the findings, a case study and adaptation of the findings based on the local context are needed, which expands the research topic. Further research using various methods and different case studies in this field can offer comprehensive solutions to realize a fair urban environment.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_8383_67196c7785f829ffa17b6a41731c2b50.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 8 3 2024 09 22 Analyzing the Way to Respond to Child-Friendly City Indicators in the New and Traditional Context of Rasht City Analyzing the Way to Respond to Child-Friendly City Indicators in the New and Traditional Context of Rasht City 25 48 8384 10.22124/upk.2025.28383.1972 FA Zahra Bidarigh Mehr Instructor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Art &amp; Urban engineering, University of Piamnoor, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2024 01 04 Introduction: The lack of urban spaces for children's presence and the insecurity of these spaces in urban environments have led to a different assessment of children's sense of belonging to urban areas, rendering these spaces inadequate for children's daily activities. Therefore, considering the fundamental role of the environment in shaping a child's personality and development, attention to children and their social needs within the contexts of cities and neighborhoods is one of the most important issues facing society today. From this perspective, child-friendly initiatives aim to grant citizenship rights to children, reduce violence against them, and more. Since urban facilities in social and cultural dimensions for children are very limited, if we can focus on planning in cities facing population concentration and various deficiencies, the process of children's interaction with their environment (in a broad sense) will be seriously affected. Thus, such planning represents an effort to create a healthy city for children and future generations. The importance of child-friendly urban planning goes beyond providing playgrounds; the interaction between children and their surrounding environment is a crucial factor (Aerts, 2018).This study aims to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the new and traditional contexts of cities and compare them concerning the principles and indicators of child-friendly cities. Through this approach, the research seeks to identify the components that effectively enhance the quality of public spaces to facilitate children's presence. The main question of this research is the extent to which the new and traditional contexts of cities respond to these indicators. Methodology: The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and quantitative. It includes a set of methods aimed at describing the conditions or phenomena under study and also examines the components of urban environment quality from the perspective of children's needs in both traditional and new contexts. this research is classified as developmental-applied in terms of its objectives. Initially, by reviewing available scientific resources (books, articles, and research projects), the principles and indicators of child-friendly cities were explored, leading to the formulation of a framework of indicators for child-friendly cities and the definition of several sub-indicators for each of the main indicators to facilitate a more thorough examination. A researcher-designed questionnaire was developed and finalized through interviews with 15 experts and specialists in psychology, architecture, and urban planning active in the research area. In the next step, 40 questionnaires, which had a calculated Cronbach's alpha of 0.916, were evaluated by the parents of the target child population. Based on theoretical studies and to achieve the research objectives, the proposed model of this stud 378 people were selected as the sample, including 193 students aged 6-9 and 97 students aged 10-12, 88 parents, teachers, and Psychologists who were studied using closed-ended questionnaires, interviews, and walking interviews (interviews conducted while walking in the space). The results obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS25 software. The questionnaire included 68 questions in a Likert scale format. After analyzing the questionnaires, a Cronbach's alpha of 0.897 was achieved, and four variables with the highest scores were evaluated. Results: After reviewing the main indicators in the literature, the framework of components for child-friendly cities—essentially a summary of the main indicators from various sources—was developed in consultation with experts and specialists in psychology, architecture, and urban planning through interviews. This framework includes their frequency of occurrence along with sub-indicators such as the level of safety and security, children's access to essential services and facilities, the presence of suitable public transportation, the quality of spaces for cycling and pedestrian pathways, the existence and quality of green spaces and natural elements, and the level of children's interaction and participation in neighborhood affairs. These components were assessed in Region 1 (new context) and Region 2 (traditional context) of Rasht. Based on the conducted studies, the criteria for an ideal child-friendly space can be categorized into three sections: objective components, subjective components, and functional components. To evaluate these components, observational methods were used for the objective discussions, along with interviews, completion of questionnaires, and children's drawings to examine the subjective and functional factors. The analysis of the criteria for an ideal child-friendly space indicates that the objective and functional components were emphasized in the new context, while the subjective components were prioritized in the traditional context. Discussion: The quality of oversight is one of the most important elements of environmental quality in the management index for neighborhoods in Region 1. This is due to the relatively good safety and tranquility for children, parental supervision of children while in the space, the presence of local police, and the design and planning of spaces by officials. The quality of color, as an objective environmental factor, is a key element of environmental quality in the psychological index of this area. This is attributed to the use of murals on floors and walls in certain child-specific spaces in Region 1. Meeting the essential needs of children is a priority among the functional environmental factors. This is due to the high employment rate of parents, the ability to meet children's economic needs in the environment, the regional value of the neighborhood, and public and private investment in this area. Social security is a functional environmental factor in the new context, attributed to the absence of addicts and criminals and the greater presence of local police. Identity and sense of place are more pronounced in the traditional context, with the main reason being the validation of cultural traditions and the presence of residents in these neighborhoods. The findings from the comparative analysis of the two regions show that the components of safety, green spaces, accessibility, and pedestrian and bicycle-friendly pathways from a physical perspective, along with color, aesthetics, and legibility from a psychological perspective, have a better quality in neighborhoods with planned and new contexts compared to traditional neighborhoods. The investigations revealed that the analysis of the questionnaires aligns with the perspectives of experts and the analysis of children's drawings regarding child-centeredness in these two areas. The scores obtained from the comparative analysis indicate that considering the current conditions of Rasht City, Region 1, which represents the new context, has a higher desirability with an average score of 13.2. This is due to the better quality and higher satisfaction of residents compared to Region 2, which has an average score of 8.09, identified as the traditional context. Overall, the new urban context offers a more desirable environmental quality with an emphasis on child-centered urban spaces. Introduction: The lack of urban spaces for children's presence and the insecurity of these spaces in urban environments have led to a different assessment of children's sense of belonging to urban areas, rendering these spaces inadequate for children's daily activities. Therefore, considering the fundamental role of the environment in shaping a child's personality and development, attention to children and their social needs within the contexts of cities and neighborhoods is one of the most important issues facing society today. From this perspective, child-friendly initiatives aim to grant citizenship rights to children, reduce violence against them, and more. Since urban facilities in social and cultural dimensions for children are very limited, if we can focus on planning in cities facing population concentration and various deficiencies, the process of children's interaction with their environment (in a broad sense) will be seriously affected. Thus, such planning represents an effort to create a healthy city for children and future generations. The importance of child-friendly urban planning goes beyond providing playgrounds; the interaction between children and their surrounding environment is a crucial factor (Aerts, 2018).This study aims to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the new and traditional contexts of cities and compare them concerning the principles and indicators of child-friendly cities. Through this approach, the research seeks to identify the components that effectively enhance the quality of public spaces to facilitate children's presence. The main question of this research is the extent to which the new and traditional contexts of cities respond to these indicators. Methodology: The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and quantitative. It includes a set of methods aimed at describing the conditions or phenomena under study and also examines the components of urban environment quality from the perspective of children's needs in both traditional and new contexts. this research is classified as developmental-applied in terms of its objectives. Initially, by reviewing available scientific resources (books, articles, and research projects), the principles and indicators of child-friendly cities were explored, leading to the formulation of a framework of indicators for child-friendly cities and the definition of several sub-indicators for each of the main indicators to facilitate a more thorough examination. A researcher-designed questionnaire was developed and finalized through interviews with 15 experts and specialists in psychology, architecture, and urban planning active in the research area. In the next step, 40 questionnaires, which had a calculated Cronbach's alpha of 0.916, were evaluated by the parents of the target child population. Based on theoretical studies and to achieve the research objectives, the proposed model of this stud 378 people were selected as the sample, including 193 students aged 6-9 and 97 students aged 10-12, 88 parents, teachers, and Psychologists who were studied using closed-ended questionnaires, interviews, and walking interviews (interviews conducted while walking in the space). The results obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS25 software. The questionnaire included 68 questions in a Likert scale format. After analyzing the questionnaires, a Cronbach's alpha of 0.897 was achieved, and four variables with the highest scores were evaluated. Results: After reviewing the main indicators in the literature, the framework of components for child-friendly cities—essentially a summary of the main indicators from various sources—was developed in consultation with experts and specialists in psychology, architecture, and urban planning through interviews. This framework includes their frequency of occurrence along with sub-indicators such as the level of safety and security, children's access to essential services and facilities, the presence of suitable public transportation, the quality of spaces for cycling and pedestrian pathways, the existence and quality of green spaces and natural elements, and the level of children's interaction and participation in neighborhood affairs. These components were assessed in Region 1 (new context) and Region 2 (traditional context) of Rasht. Based on the conducted studies, the criteria for an ideal child-friendly space can be categorized into three sections: objective components, subjective components, and functional components. To evaluate these components, observational methods were used for the objective discussions, along with interviews, completion of questionnaires, and children's drawings to examine the subjective and functional factors. The analysis of the criteria for an ideal child-friendly space indicates that the objective and functional components were emphasized in the new context, while the subjective components were prioritized in the traditional context. Discussion: The quality of oversight is one of the most important elements of environmental quality in the management index for neighborhoods in Region 1. This is due to the relatively good safety and tranquility for children, parental supervision of children while in the space, the presence of local police, and the design and planning of spaces by officials. The quality of color, as an objective environmental factor, is a key element of environmental quality in the psychological index of this area. This is attributed to the use of murals on floors and walls in certain child-specific spaces in Region 1. Meeting the essential needs of children is a priority among the functional environmental factors. This is due to the high employment rate of parents, the ability to meet children's economic needs in the environment, the regional value of the neighborhood, and public and private investment in this area. Social security is a functional environmental factor in the new context, attributed to the absence of addicts and criminals and the greater presence of local police. Identity and sense of place are more pronounced in the traditional context, with the main reason being the validation of cultural traditions and the presence of residents in these neighborhoods. The findings from the comparative analysis of the two regions show that the components of safety, green spaces, accessibility, and pedestrian and bicycle-friendly pathways from a physical perspective, along with color, aesthetics, and legibility from a psychological perspective, have a better quality in neighborhoods with planned and new contexts compared to traditional neighborhoods. The investigations revealed that the analysis of the questionnaires aligns with the perspectives of experts and the analysis of children's drawings regarding child-centeredness in these two areas. The scores obtained from the comparative analysis indicate that considering the current conditions of Rasht City, Region 1, which represents the new context, has a higher desirability with an average score of 13.2. This is due to the better quality and higher satisfaction of residents compared to Region 2, which has an average score of 8.09, identified as the traditional context. Overall, the new urban context offers a more desirable environmental quality with an emphasis on child-centered urban spaces.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_8384_df08505a4734efed72806f0aaf31dc7a.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 8 3 2024 09 22 Studying the Relationship Between Urban Quality of Life and Environmental Behaviors in Rasht Studying the Relationship Between Urban Quality of Life and Environmental Behaviors in Rasht 49 65 8385 10.22124/upk.2025.27531.1947 FA Soghra Shabfroozan PhD student in Sociology, Islamic Azad University, Khalkhal Branch, Khalkhal, Iran Nader Motie Haghshenas Assistant Professor of Demography, Department of Population Economics and Human Capital, Country Population Research Institute, Tehran, Iran Eghbale Azizkhani Assistant Professor of Sociology, Islamic Azad University, Khalkhal Branch, Khalkhal, Iran. Journal Article 2024 02 20 Introduction: Environmental injustice occurs when a group of people, especially marginalized and vulnerable groups, are more exposed to environmental risks and hazards than others, such as pollution, climate change, and natural disasters. In addition to affecting their health, livelihood, and quality of life, this is, according to an interpretation by Solomonian and Ragiro, a product of flawed systems and processes that cause social injustice, such as exploitation, oppression, and elite dominance, in a vicious circle. It affects the environment, biodiversity, and ecosystem services (Solomonian and Ruggiero, 2021). Also, solutions such as improving adaptation and flexibility against the effects of climate change cause social inequalities in turn (Ku, 2021). In recent years, to resolve such conflicts between the urban environment and social justice, a concept with the term "fair urban environment" has been formed, which refers to the fair distribution of environmental resources and opportunities among city residents (Chiarini et al, 2021; Arisyowati et al, 2023; Tsigdinos et al, 2023; Yang et al, 2020; Vázquez et al, 2023; Zhu et al, 2023; Gerike et al, 2022). A review of the existing theoretical literature in the field of fair urban environment shows that although this category is considered from different perspectives, including public access to green spaces (Aristyowati et al, 2023; Yang et al, 2020; Vázquez et al, 2023; Zhu et al, 2023 ), air quality and urban transport (Chiarini et al, 2021; Gerike et al, 2022; Tsigdinos et al, 2023), the impact of climate change (Bayón et al, 2023; Fiack et al, 2021; Ku et al, 2021), Health and well-being status (Shamasunder et al, 2022; Branis et al, 2012; Jennings et al, 2016; Jephcote et al, 2013; Kamel et al, 2014; Morelli et al, 2019; Romero et al, 2013; Shamasunder et al, 2023; Solomonian et al, 2021; Yang et al, 2022), and social participation (Buechler et al, 2020; Cohen et al, 2012; Cutts et al, 2009; D'Souza, 2019; De Jeude et al, 2016 ) has been studied, but still, there are no uniform and specific criteria for its definition and evaluation. This makes the results of different studies in this field not comparable and a comprehensive and critical view of the current situation is not obtained. Considering the importance and challenges in this field, the main question of this research is how to relate social justice and the quality of the urban environment to the conceptual explanation of the fair urban environment. Urbanization researchers will also be shown Methodology: Meta-analysis is a method that is used to study various methods and achievements of previous research focused on a specific topic to achieve a summary of theoretical perspectives and study dimensions and possible gaps in that field. The meta-analysis method can lead the researcher to an evaluative framework for use in the field of study and provide the necessary background for expanding concepts and theories or completing previous methods and discovering research interests (Higgins & Green, 2011). In this method, first, a sufficient statistical population of valid previous research is searched and collected by a precise and repeatable algorithm, and then the separate and combined content analysis is performed using appropriate analytical tools (Borenstein et al, 2020; Ioannidis, 2017). In this research, the same method has been used using CMA 3.7 software and the version equipped with Python scripts. In this regard, the keywords of social justice and quality of the urban environment were searched separately in the title section of the Science Direct database between 1990 and 2023, and the result was 4955 and 5000 scientific and research articles, respectively. Then, the combined keyword "social justice and quality of urban environment" was searched in the mentioned period in the Elsevier/Science Direct scientific database as a title, which after review and refinement, The primary statistical and analytical data of 58 fully related articles that dealt with both topics were selected. Results: Several key challenges obstruct research on the relationship between social justice and urban environmental quality. Firstly, the complexity and uncertainty of environmental problems and solutions pose a challenge. Environmental issues and social justice are often viewed concerning multiple intertwined factors and actors, including trade-offs and conflicts between different goals and interests, complicating the definition, measurement, and comprehensive and coherent addressing of problems and solutions. Secondly, there is a lack of participation and comprehensive representation of affected communities and stakeholders. Research often relies on dominant epistemologies and methodologies, potentially excluding or marginalizing the voices and perspectives of those most affected by environmental problems and solutions, leading to potentially biased or incomplete knowledge and results. Thirdly, the persistence of structural racism and colonialism exacerbates the distribution of benefits and environmental pressures. The literature has grappled with the challenge of transforming historical and institutional factors that have created and perpetuated environmental and social inequalities among different groups and regions of the world. These factors often operate on multiple levels and dimensions and are embedded in the values and narratives of the dominant culture, making analytical studies difficult and costly. Lastly, the dominance of economic growth and consumerism as the main drivers of environmental destruction and social injustice presents a challenge. The literature has grappled with the challenge of conflicting paradigms and choosing alternative paths, resulting in the examination of the concept of social justice without relying on the logic and mechanisms of economic growth and consumerism. This perspective may necessitate fundamental changes in production and consumption patterns, as well as the distribution and allocation of resources and responsibilities between nations and generations. However, the existence of a robust and specific theoretical framework is a prerequisite. The concept of a fair urban environment, as per the research, is synonymous with achieving social justice in the urban milieu. This involves equitable treatment and meaningful involvement of all individuals in environmental decisions impacting their lives, acknowledging the rights and values of non-human nature, and recognizing the interdependence of all living beings. Opportunities to realize a fair urban environment, as identified in the literature, include the emergence of new frameworks and paradigms that challenge existing norms and propose alternative paths to enhance social justice. These include concepts like degrowth and decolonization of natural resources, which aim to regulate the exploitation of natural resources and promote equitable benefits among diverse societal groups. Discussion: An urban environment, a man-made setting, comprises basic physical and social aspects where individuals live, work, interact, and avail services such as parks, green spaces, urban transportation, amenities, and cultural events. A fair urban environment, therefore, offers opportunities and equitable access to all residents, irrespective of income, gender, ethnicity, age, or physical ability. This concept and approach are crucial as they promote social justice and human rights by ensuring everyone can enjoy a decent quality of life and participate in the city's civic and cultural life. They bolster economic development and innovation by attracting and fostering a diverse and inclusive workforce, drawing talents and investment, and enhancing productivity and competitiveness. They heighten public environmental awareness, leading to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, improvement in air quality, preservation of natural resources and biological species, adaptation to climate changes, and provision of environmental flexibility. They advocate public health by providing opportunities for physical activity, recreation, and social interaction, thereby improving public health and well-being. They offer a realistic approach, moving away from idealism, which is necessary in the current idealized world for the present and future of cities and their residents. The research findings reveal several critical points for researchers and decision-makers in the field of a fair urban environment. Firstly, the category of a fair urban environment cannot be considered separately from the theoretical and practical issues of social justice, as these two concepts mutually influence each other. Secondly, a fair urban environment requires an interdisciplinary and collaborative approach that utilizes the knowledge and experience of local and affected communities and listens to their voices. Thirdly, a fair urban environment necessitates a change in the systems and structures formed based on the values of exploitation, commodification, and domination, which produce ecological and social crises. Fourthly, a fair urban environment presents an opportunity to effect positive changes at the local and global levels, leading to the improvement of human well-being and nature protection. Despite the strengths and applications of this research, it has limitations. Among other things, due to the focus on the meta-analysis method, only written and existing sources have been used. Also, to validate the findings, a case study and adaptation of the findings based on the local context are needed, which expands the research topic. Further research using various methods and different case studies in this field can offer comprehensive solutions to realize a fair urban environment. Introduction: Environmental injustice occurs when a group of people, especially marginalized and vulnerable groups, are more exposed to environmental risks and hazards than others, such as pollution, climate change, and natural disasters. In addition to affecting their health, livelihood, and quality of life, this is, according to an interpretation by Solomonian and Ragiro, a product of flawed systems and processes that cause social injustice, such as exploitation, oppression, and elite dominance, in a vicious circle. It affects the environment, biodiversity, and ecosystem services (Solomonian and Ruggiero, 2021). Also, solutions such as improving adaptation and flexibility against the effects of climate change cause social inequalities in turn (Ku, 2021). In recent years, to resolve such conflicts between the urban environment and social justice, a concept with the term "fair urban environment" has been formed, which refers to the fair distribution of environmental resources and opportunities among city residents (Chiarini et al, 2021; Arisyowati et al, 2023; Tsigdinos et al, 2023; Yang et al, 2020; Vázquez et al, 2023; Zhu et al, 2023; Gerike et al, 2022). A review of the existing theoretical literature in the field of fair urban environment shows that although this category is considered from different perspectives, including public access to green spaces (Aristyowati et al, 2023; Yang et al, 2020; Vázquez et al, 2023; Zhu et al, 2023 ), air quality and urban transport (Chiarini et al, 2021; Gerike et al, 2022; Tsigdinos et al, 2023), the impact of climate change (Bayón et al, 2023; Fiack et al, 2021; Ku et al, 2021), Health and well-being status (Shamasunder et al, 2022; Branis et al, 2012; Jennings et al, 2016; Jephcote et al, 2013; Kamel et al, 2014; Morelli et al, 2019; Romero et al, 2013; Shamasunder et al, 2023; Solomonian et al, 2021; Yang et al, 2022), and social participation (Buechler et al, 2020; Cohen et al, 2012; Cutts et al, 2009; D'Souza, 2019; De Jeude et al, 2016 ) has been studied, but still, there are no uniform and specific criteria for its definition and evaluation. This makes the results of different studies in this field not comparable and a comprehensive and critical view of the current situation is not obtained. Considering the importance and challenges in this field, the main question of this research is how to relate social justice and the quality of the urban environment to the conceptual explanation of the fair urban environment. Urbanization researchers will also be shown Methodology: Meta-analysis is a method that is used to study various methods and achievements of previous research focused on a specific topic to achieve a summary of theoretical perspectives and study dimensions and possible gaps in that field. The meta-analysis method can lead the researcher to an evaluative framework for use in the field of study and provide the necessary background for expanding concepts and theories or completing previous methods and discovering research interests (Higgins & Green, 2011). In this method, first, a sufficient statistical population of valid previous research is searched and collected by a precise and repeatable algorithm, and then the separate and combined content analysis is performed using appropriate analytical tools (Borenstein et al, 2020; Ioannidis, 2017). In this research, the same method has been used using CMA 3.7 software and the version equipped with Python scripts. In this regard, the keywords of social justice and quality of the urban environment were searched separately in the title section of the Science Direct database between 1990 and 2023, and the result was 4955 and 5000 scientific and research articles, respectively. Then, the combined keyword "social justice and quality of urban environment" was searched in the mentioned period in the Elsevier/Science Direct scientific database as a title, which after review and refinement, The primary statistical and analytical data of 58 fully related articles that dealt with both topics were selected. Results: Several key challenges obstruct research on the relationship between social justice and urban environmental quality. Firstly, the complexity and uncertainty of environmental problems and solutions pose a challenge. Environmental issues and social justice are often viewed concerning multiple intertwined factors and actors, including trade-offs and conflicts between different goals and interests, complicating the definition, measurement, and comprehensive and coherent addressing of problems and solutions. Secondly, there is a lack of participation and comprehensive representation of affected communities and stakeholders. Research often relies on dominant epistemologies and methodologies, potentially excluding or marginalizing the voices and perspectives of those most affected by environmental problems and solutions, leading to potentially biased or incomplete knowledge and results. Thirdly, the persistence of structural racism and colonialism exacerbates the distribution of benefits and environmental pressures. The literature has grappled with the challenge of transforming historical and institutional factors that have created and perpetuated environmental and social inequalities among different groups and regions of the world. These factors often operate on multiple levels and dimensions and are embedded in the values and narratives of the dominant culture, making analytical studies difficult and costly. Lastly, the dominance of economic growth and consumerism as the main drivers of environmental destruction and social injustice presents a challenge. The literature has grappled with the challenge of conflicting paradigms and choosing alternative paths, resulting in the examination of the concept of social justice without relying on the logic and mechanisms of economic growth and consumerism. This perspective may necessitate fundamental changes in production and consumption patterns, as well as the distribution and allocation of resources and responsibilities between nations and generations. However, the existence of a robust and specific theoretical framework is a prerequisite. The concept of a fair urban environment, as per the research, is synonymous with achieving social justice in the urban milieu. This involves equitable treatment and meaningful involvement of all individuals in environmental decisions impacting their lives, acknowledging the rights and values of non-human nature, and recognizing the interdependence of all living beings. Opportunities to realize a fair urban environment, as identified in the literature, include the emergence of new frameworks and paradigms that challenge existing norms and propose alternative paths to enhance social justice. These include concepts like degrowth and decolonization of natural resources, which aim to regulate the exploitation of natural resources and promote equitable benefits among diverse societal groups. Discussion: An urban environment, a man-made setting, comprises basic physical and social aspects where individuals live, work, interact, and avail services such as parks, green spaces, urban transportation, amenities, and cultural events. A fair urban environment, therefore, offers opportunities and equitable access to all residents, irrespective of income, gender, ethnicity, age, or physical ability. This concept and approach are crucial as they promote social justice and human rights by ensuring everyone can enjoy a decent quality of life and participate in the city's civic and cultural life. They bolster economic development and innovation by attracting and fostering a diverse and inclusive workforce, drawing talents and investment, and enhancing productivity and competitiveness. They heighten public environmental awareness, leading to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, improvement in air quality, preservation of natural resources and biological species, adaptation to climate changes, and provision of environmental flexibility. They advocate public health by providing opportunities for physical activity, recreation, and social interaction, thereby improving public health and well-being. They offer a realistic approach, moving away from idealism, which is necessary in the current idealized world for the present and future of cities and their residents. The research findings reveal several critical points for researchers and decision-makers in the field of a fair urban environment. Firstly, the category of a fair urban environment cannot be considered separately from the theoretical and practical issues of social justice, as these two concepts mutually influence each other. Secondly, a fair urban environment requires an interdisciplinary and collaborative approach that utilizes the knowledge and experience of local and affected communities and listens to their voices. Thirdly, a fair urban environment necessitates a change in the systems and structures formed based on the values of exploitation, commodification, and domination, which produce ecological and social crises. Fourthly, a fair urban environment presents an opportunity to effect positive changes at the local and global levels, leading to the improvement of human well-being and nature protection. Despite the strengths and applications of this research, it has limitations. Among other things, due to the focus on the meta-analysis method, only written and existing sources have been used. Also, to validate the findings, a case study and adaptation of the findings based on the local context are needed, which expands the research topic. Further research using various methods and different case studies in this field can offer comprehensive solutions to realize a fair urban environment.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_8385_1bf51f35b7c85567bbe839ad1bc8f09f.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 8 3 2024 09 22 Reading the Urban text in the Context of Linguistics Through the Analysis of the Urban Memory Layer Reading the Urban text in the Context of Linguistics Through the Analysis of the Urban Memory Layer 66 81 8386 10.22124/upk.2025.27504.1952 FA Seyedeh Shiva Moayeripour PhD Candidate, Department of Urbanism,Shahr-e-Qods- Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0006-2401-138X Farah Habib Professor, Department of Urban Development, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Kianoush Zaker Haghighi Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, South Tehran BranchBranch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-7963-0499 Journal Article 2024 03 02 Introduction: Cities are multi-layered spaces where historical traces, urban memory, and meanings coexist, often facing the risk of erosion or loss of identity. In some cases, the fabric of cities deteriorates to the brink of destruction, while in others, their historical essence fades into illegible remnants, akin to texts overwritten repeatedly over time. This dynamic reflects the evolving palimpsest of urban memories and cultural layers. Urban planners increasingly recognize the city as a text, emphasizing its connection with linguistics and collective memory. This shift requires tools that allow for reading and interpreting these layers effectively. To reconstruct a city’s past—a crucial starting point for envisioning its future—it must be viewed as a layered text, constantly reshaped by cultural and social transformations. The linguistic analogy aligns well with urban analysis, as both are structured systems governed by rules. Urban forms, functions, and symbols correspond to linguistic elements, enabling the city to be "read" as a narrative shaped by its history, environment, and social context. Urban landscapes are pivotal in shaping identity and memory. They encompass three perspectives: physical reality (objective), personal interpretation (subjective), and emotional or social evaluation (evaluative). This triad allows urban landscapes to communicate narratives that foster attachment, identity, and a sense of belonging among residents. Furthermore, urban design acts as a visual language where architectural styles reflect the cultural ideologies of their time, akin to linguistic dialects. Using hermeneutics and semiotics, this research bridges urban studies and linguistics, offering a theoretical framework for interpreting the city as a multi-layered text. The approach highlights how urban markers, such as architectural elements, historical sites, and cultural symbols, contribute to collective memory and identity. By recognizing these markers as "urban words," planners can develop informed, culturally responsive urban strategies that preserve and enhance city identity. Table 1 illustrates the perspectives of scholars on urban form, urban landscape, collective memory, and urban hermeneutics. Methodology: This theoretical research employs an analytical approach to explore urban spaces through linguistic frameworks. The study systematically integrates concepts from semiotics, semantics, and hermeneutics to analyze urban layers. By reviewing prior theories and literature, the research identifies key indicators for urban memory and meaning. Secondary data sources, including academic publications, case studies, and architectural analyses, provide the foundation for this interpretive investigation. Results: The findings reveal that urban spaces convey cultural and historical meanings through symbols and signs, which reinforce urban identity and collective memory. The application of hermeneutics as an interpretive tool offers a deeper understanding of the interaction between urban spaces and the lived experiences of citizens. The research underscores the role of urban semiotics in identifying and preserving key urban markers that resonate with collective memories, such as architectural elements, historical monuments, and spatial narratives. Discussion:Reading the urban text through revisiting residents' lived experiences and exploring layers of urban memories necessitates an integration of concepts from both urban planning and linguistics. This approach allows for an interpretation of urban representation from the perspectives of inhabitants and users. Therefore, relying on the proposed theoretical framework enables us to achieve this important goal. Cities, as complex and layered texts, require linguistic and semiotic tools for meaningful analysis. This research demonstrates that semiotics and hermeneutics can bridge gaps in understanding urban layers, offering insights into their meanings, identities, and collective memories. The study provides urban planners and designers with theoretical frameworks to enhance urban identity and memory preservation through informed design practices. Future research could integrate fieldwork and empirical data to complement the theoretical foundations presented in this study. Introduction: Cities are multi-layered spaces where historical traces, urban memory, and meanings coexist, often facing the risk of erosion or loss of identity. In some cases, the fabric of cities deteriorates to the brink of destruction, while in others, their historical essence fades into illegible remnants, akin to texts overwritten repeatedly over time. This dynamic reflects the evolving palimpsest of urban memories and cultural layers. Urban planners increasingly recognize the city as a text, emphasizing its connection with linguistics and collective memory. This shift requires tools that allow for reading and interpreting these layers effectively. To reconstruct a city’s past—a crucial starting point for envisioning its future—it must be viewed as a layered text, constantly reshaped by cultural and social transformations. The linguistic analogy aligns well with urban analysis, as both are structured systems governed by rules. Urban forms, functions, and symbols correspond to linguistic elements, enabling the city to be "read" as a narrative shaped by its history, environment, and social context. Urban landscapes are pivotal in shaping identity and memory. They encompass three perspectives: physical reality (objective), personal interpretation (subjective), and emotional or social evaluation (evaluative). This triad allows urban landscapes to communicate narratives that foster attachment, identity, and a sense of belonging among residents. Furthermore, urban design acts as a visual language where architectural styles reflect the cultural ideologies of their time, akin to linguistic dialects. Using hermeneutics and semiotics, this research bridges urban studies and linguistics, offering a theoretical framework for interpreting the city as a multi-layered text. The approach highlights how urban markers, such as architectural elements, historical sites, and cultural symbols, contribute to collective memory and identity. By recognizing these markers as "urban words," planners can develop informed, culturally responsive urban strategies that preserve and enhance city identity. Table 1 illustrates the perspectives of scholars on urban form, urban landscape, collective memory, and urban hermeneutics. Methodology: This theoretical research employs an analytical approach to explore urban spaces through linguistic frameworks. The study systematically integrates concepts from semiotics, semantics, and hermeneutics to analyze urban layers. By reviewing prior theories and literature, the research identifies key indicators for urban memory and meaning. Secondary data sources, including academic publications, case studies, and architectural analyses, provide the foundation for this interpretive investigation. Results: The findings reveal that urban spaces convey cultural and historical meanings through symbols and signs, which reinforce urban identity and collective memory. The application of hermeneutics as an interpretive tool offers a deeper understanding of the interaction between urban spaces and the lived experiences of citizens. The research underscores the role of urban semiotics in identifying and preserving key urban markers that resonate with collective memories, such as architectural elements, historical monuments, and spatial narratives. Discussion:Reading the urban text through revisiting residents' lived experiences and exploring layers of urban memories necessitates an integration of concepts from both urban planning and linguistics. This approach allows for an interpretation of urban representation from the perspectives of inhabitants and users. Therefore, relying on the proposed theoretical framework enables us to achieve this important goal. Cities, as complex and layered texts, require linguistic and semiotic tools for meaningful analysis. This research demonstrates that semiotics and hermeneutics can bridge gaps in understanding urban layers, offering insights into their meanings, identities, and collective memories. The study provides urban planners and designers with theoretical frameworks to enhance urban identity and memory preservation through informed design practices. Future research could integrate fieldwork and empirical data to complement the theoretical foundations presented in this study.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_8386_24bf338d22da9f17df25dc9c1f0a9f0b.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 8 3 2024 09 22 Government-Market Interaction: A Reading of Iranian Urban Spatial Planning Government-Market Interaction: A Reading of Iranian Urban Spatial Planning 82 100 8387 10.22124/upk.2025.27168.1940 FA Mostafa Hosseinabadi PhD in Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Iman Ghalandarian Assistant Professor, Department of Urbanism, , Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Journal Article 2024 03 16 Introduction: State and market institutions are among the most important and influential political-economic organizations, whose composition and role can significantly influence the integrity of the social system. Urban spatial planning implies a specialized form of collective action regarding the social organization of space. At the heart of this collective action is a broad set of state-market relations. The fundamental question is how the roles and relations of market institutions (in their general sense and not in the sense of the physical market of cities) and state institutions are formed in urban spatial development planning. In Iran's urban spatial planning system, the emergence of fundamental challenges for cities, especially metropolises, has led each faction—whether proponents of the market or the state—to view the other as the primary cause of these problems. Advocates of the market economy identify state interference in urban spatial planning as the main obstacle to urban development. Conversely, supporters of state intervention consider the delegation of responsibilities to the private sector and market as the primary reason for the issues facing Iranian cities. Corruption in government, inefficient budgeting in local and national institutions, unrealistic urban development plans, and a lack of expertise among managers and urban planners are among the concerns raised by market advocates regarding urban development. Meanwhile, issues such as neglecting urban spatial justice, failing to provide urban public goods through the market, ignoring the externalities of investment on citizens, and prioritizing capitalist profit in urban space production have been highlighted by state-oriented groups Methodology: This research is proposed at the theoretical and fundamental level of the planning discipline. Its main purpose is to understand and discover the role and function of the state and the market in the spatial planning of urban development in Iran. Therefore, the subject of this research is directly and indirectly related to the economic, social, and political context. Because the structure, function, and role of the state and the market in spatial planning have ambiguous, hidden, and complex dimensions, an in-depth, exploratory, and interpretive investigation is required. This cannot be understood through quantitative descriptive and analytical methods that are limited to specific variables and existing hypotheses and theories. On the other hand, Iran's political economy has its unique structure and background. In this particular economic environment, both market institutions and government play special roles and have unique relationships that need to be explored in depth Therefore, a research method appropriate for theorizing should be employed to develop a theory suitable for the geographical context, with a deep understanding of the layers of urban political economy. Accordingly, this research employs systematic grounded theory as one of the qualitative methods based on the considerations of the interpretive paradigm. In-depth and semi-structured interviews based on theoretical sampling have been utilized to collect data to better understand the factors that shape government-market relations in the spatial planning of urban development in Iran. Results: Open coding was conducted by analyzing the data line by line, and in some cases, by examining complete sentences or paragraphs until the underlying ideas were identified. In the next step, axial coding was performed to categorize concepts at a more abstract level and achieve categories. The categories were compared with one another until the researchers reached more general categories. By reviewing the interviews several times and removing duplicates, a total of 654 concepts, 59 sub-categories, and 20 main categories were identified. Discussion: Selective coding is the final stage of analysis and categorization in the systematic method, during which the integration and refinement of the theoretical framework occur based on the paradigm model. The first step in integrating the theoretical framework, following the method of systematic grounded theory, is to determine the "central phenomenon." Through the analysis of the data used in this research, along with multi-level categorization and multiple revisions, it was revealed that the role and relationships between the state and the market in the spatial planning of urban development in Iran are based on the "institutional entanglement and suboptimal, inefficient combination" of these two key institutions. In other words, the causal, contextual, and intervening conditions affecting the relationship and roles of the state and the market in the spatial planning of Iranian cities have created a situation that has led to imperfections and inefficiencies in their roles and relationships. In response to this phenomenon, strategies have been adopted by agents that have exacerbated its consequences. The identified causal conditions include the categories: "maximum state intervention and inability to perform inherent duties," "oil rentier state," "underdeveloped, dependent, and quasi-modern private sector," "non-competitive market and the existence of quasi-governmental and quasi-market institutions dependent on political power," "the replacement of the new order in the relationship and role of the state and the market after the revolution," and "unclear borders of the state and the market in the supply of public and private urban goods." These are the main causes of the formation of the central category in this research. The categories of "unproductive economy and speculation in urban real estate," "institutional weakness in urban spatial planning," "state left over from rapid exogenous urban growth," and "the lack of formation of local government in Iran" represent the contextual conditions that underlie the inefficiency of the roles and relationships between the state and the market in the spatial planning of urban development in Iran. On the other hand, intervening conditions such as "imitative and unrealistic spatial planning," "complexity of public interest and conflict of interests in urban spatial planning," and "multiplicity of discourse among intellectuals and politicians" have contributed to intensifying the non-transparent and ineffective relations between the state and the market. Conclusion: The analysis conducted in this research indicates that examining the relationship and role of the government and the market within the complex political economy of Iran faces many challenges. This complexity and difficulty in planning urban spatial development in Iran is significant because, from an institutional perspective, the existence of countless nested institutions makes it nearly impossible to provide a comprehensive framework. In other words, any research in this field can only clarify part of the story to some extent. This current research, acknowledging this uneven path, aimed to take a small step in developing theoretical knowledge in this area. It emphasizes the importance of the government-market dynamic in urban spatial planning by introducing relevant concepts from other scientific disciplines. Ultimately, it should be acknowledged that the plan and theory presented in this article is nothing more than a simple outline, supported by the evidence and reasoning discussed. Furthermore, this theory, like any theory in any science, does not encapsulate all facts; rather, it serves as an abstract framework to organize and analyze various complex phenomena and their interrelationships. Consequently, it leaves some issues unanswered and does not clarify certain ambiguities. All these deficiencies can be addressed in future research. Introduction: State and market institutions are among the most important and influential political-economic organizations, whose composition and role can significantly influence the integrity of the social system. Urban spatial planning implies a specialized form of collective action regarding the social organization of space. At the heart of this collective action is a broad set of state-market relations. The fundamental question is how the roles and relations of market institutions (in their general sense and not in the sense of the physical market of cities) and state institutions are formed in urban spatial development planning. In Iran's urban spatial planning system, the emergence of fundamental challenges for cities, especially metropolises, has led each faction—whether proponents of the market or the state—to view the other as the primary cause of these problems. Advocates of the market economy identify state interference in urban spatial planning as the main obstacle to urban development. Conversely, supporters of state intervention consider the delegation of responsibilities to the private sector and market as the primary reason for the issues facing Iranian cities. Corruption in government, inefficient budgeting in local and national institutions, unrealistic urban development plans, and a lack of expertise among managers and urban planners are among the concerns raised by market advocates regarding urban development. Meanwhile, issues such as neglecting urban spatial justice, failing to provide urban public goods through the market, ignoring the externalities of investment on citizens, and prioritizing capitalist profit in urban space production have been highlighted by state-oriented groups Methodology: This research is proposed at the theoretical and fundamental level of the planning discipline. Its main purpose is to understand and discover the role and function of the state and the market in the spatial planning of urban development in Iran. Therefore, the subject of this research is directly and indirectly related to the economic, social, and political context. Because the structure, function, and role of the state and the market in spatial planning have ambiguous, hidden, and complex dimensions, an in-depth, exploratory, and interpretive investigation is required. This cannot be understood through quantitative descriptive and analytical methods that are limited to specific variables and existing hypotheses and theories. On the other hand, Iran's political economy has its unique structure and background. In this particular economic environment, both market institutions and government play special roles and have unique relationships that need to be explored in depth Therefore, a research method appropriate for theorizing should be employed to develop a theory suitable for the geographical context, with a deep understanding of the layers of urban political economy. Accordingly, this research employs systematic grounded theory as one of the qualitative methods based on the considerations of the interpretive paradigm. In-depth and semi-structured interviews based on theoretical sampling have been utilized to collect data to better understand the factors that shape government-market relations in the spatial planning of urban development in Iran. Results: Open coding was conducted by analyzing the data line by line, and in some cases, by examining complete sentences or paragraphs until the underlying ideas were identified. In the next step, axial coding was performed to categorize concepts at a more abstract level and achieve categories. The categories were compared with one another until the researchers reached more general categories. By reviewing the interviews several times and removing duplicates, a total of 654 concepts, 59 sub-categories, and 20 main categories were identified. Discussion: Selective coding is the final stage of analysis and categorization in the systematic method, during which the integration and refinement of the theoretical framework occur based on the paradigm model. The first step in integrating the theoretical framework, following the method of systematic grounded theory, is to determine the "central phenomenon." Through the analysis of the data used in this research, along with multi-level categorization and multiple revisions, it was revealed that the role and relationships between the state and the market in the spatial planning of urban development in Iran are based on the "institutional entanglement and suboptimal, inefficient combination" of these two key institutions. In other words, the causal, contextual, and intervening conditions affecting the relationship and roles of the state and the market in the spatial planning of Iranian cities have created a situation that has led to imperfections and inefficiencies in their roles and relationships. In response to this phenomenon, strategies have been adopted by agents that have exacerbated its consequences. The identified causal conditions include the categories: "maximum state intervention and inability to perform inherent duties," "oil rentier state," "underdeveloped, dependent, and quasi-modern private sector," "non-competitive market and the existence of quasi-governmental and quasi-market institutions dependent on political power," "the replacement of the new order in the relationship and role of the state and the market after the revolution," and "unclear borders of the state and the market in the supply of public and private urban goods." These are the main causes of the formation of the central category in this research. The categories of "unproductive economy and speculation in urban real estate," "institutional weakness in urban spatial planning," "state left over from rapid exogenous urban growth," and "the lack of formation of local government in Iran" represent the contextual conditions that underlie the inefficiency of the roles and relationships between the state and the market in the spatial planning of urban development in Iran. On the other hand, intervening conditions such as "imitative and unrealistic spatial planning," "complexity of public interest and conflict of interests in urban spatial planning," and "multiplicity of discourse among intellectuals and politicians" have contributed to intensifying the non-transparent and ineffective relations between the state and the market. Conclusion: The analysis conducted in this research indicates that examining the relationship and role of the government and the market within the complex political economy of Iran faces many challenges. This complexity and difficulty in planning urban spatial development in Iran is significant because, from an institutional perspective, the existence of countless nested institutions makes it nearly impossible to provide a comprehensive framework. In other words, any research in this field can only clarify part of the story to some extent. This current research, acknowledging this uneven path, aimed to take a small step in developing theoretical knowledge in this area. It emphasizes the importance of the government-market dynamic in urban spatial planning by introducing relevant concepts from other scientific disciplines. Ultimately, it should be acknowledged that the plan and theory presented in this article is nothing more than a simple outline, supported by the evidence and reasoning discussed. Furthermore, this theory, like any theory in any science, does not encapsulate all facts; rather, it serves as an abstract framework to organize and analyze various complex phenomena and their interrelationships. Consequently, it leaves some issues unanswered and does not clarify certain ambiguities. All these deficiencies can be addressed in future research.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_8387_3b08436708a9780815e7fd569fe830d7.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 8 3 2024 09 22 Healthy Housing in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Healthy Housing in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 101 119 8388 10.22124/upk.2025.26912.1933 FA Parsa Ahmadi Dehrashid M.A. Student, Department of Human Geography and Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Pourahmad Full Professor, Department of Human Geography and Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Hossein Mansourian Associate Professor, Department of Human Geography and Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Amirreza Khavarian - Garmsir Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, University of Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2024 03 17 Introduction: Healthy housing, as one of the fundamental human needs, plays a crucial role in ensuring physical and mental well-being. In Iran, despite the importance of this issue, research related to healthy housing has not received adequate attention, and existing studies have faced challenges in defining the concept of healthy housing. This study employs a meta-analytic approach to comprehensively review and analyze the research conducted on healthy housing in Iran, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of these studies and the main trends and challenges. The ultimate goal of this research is to provide a comprehensive and precise overview of the state of research on healthy housing in Iran, which can assist policymakers and researchers in making informed decisions and improving housing quality and public health. Methodology: This study is categorized as an applied, interpretive research with a qualitative approach and content analysis methodology, aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of research conducted in healthy housing. Data collection was carried out through documentary methods and based on text sources.Meta-analysis, a powerful tool for synthesizing knowledge within a research domain, involves several stages, including sample selection, extraction and synthesis of themes, and evaluation of research quality. To identify relevant studies, searches were conducted in academic databases such as IranDoc, Google Scholar, Magiran, and Elmnet using the keywords “housing”, “healthy city”, and “healthy housing”, resulting in the identification of 147 scholarly documents, including theses and research articles. After excluding duplicate (60 cases) and irrelevant studies (36 cases), 50 studies were screened; ultimately, 12 sources were selected for final analysis. Results: To evaluate the studies conducted in the field of healthy housing, all 12 identified scientific documents up to the time of writing this research were examined in terms of type, publication period, and publication location. These studies included theses, scientific-research articles, and scientific-specialized articles. Six of these studies were university theses from universities such as Yazd, Guilan, Mohaghegh Ardabili, Shahid Beheshti, and Iran University of Science and Technology. The articles published in scientific research and scientific-specialized journals included only a few articles in this domain. Despite the importance of the topic, healthy housing studies in Iran have not received sufficient attention from domestic researchers. The review showed that the earliest studies on healthy housing began in the late 2000s and continued until 2023. However, there has been a declining trend since 2017. These studies have primarily focused on the cities of Ardabil, Mashhad, Daran, Yazd, Tehran, Zabol, Babol, Nazarabad, and Eslamshahr. From a methodological perspective, all studies followed a descriptive-analytical model and lacked methodological diversity. This limitation has resulted in the absence of content analysis and systematic review, thus not providing a deep and comprehensive understanding of the subject of healthy housing. Additionally, data collection tools were mostly limited to documentary-library methods, with less attention given to questionnaires, observations, interviews, and focus groups. Findings indicate that 25% of the studies calculated the reliability of their measurement tools. However, the failure to calculate reliability in the remaining studies has led to issues such as inaccurate measurements and unreliable results. Furthermore, seven out of the twelve reviewed studies had a conceptual model. The lack of a conceptual framework can reduce the accuracy of findings and lead to their misinterpretation. The dimensions of healthy housing examined included physical-structural, social, economic, environmental, demographic, and quality-of-life aspects. These dimensions refer to the tangible and structural features of housing, economic impacts, social interactions, environmental conditions, and suitability for different demographic needs. While the studies conducted in this field have focused more on key dimensions, due to the lack of a coherent theoretical framework and reliance on researcher-made questionnaires, all various dimensions of healthy housing have not been fully covered. Discussion: This study provides an in-depth analysis of the research status regarding healthy housing in Iran, critically examining both the strengths and weaknesses present. A prominent issue addressed by this research is the significant disparities in the conceptualization of healthy housing within domestic studies. The findings reveal that despite the importance of this topic, research in Iran has not adequately and comprehensively addressed various dimensions of healthy housing. These shortcomings are particularly attributed to the prevailing policies in the housing sector and the emphasis on quantity over quality in policy and program formulation. In other words, the insufficient focus on the quality of housing and its theoretical aspects indicates a profound gap between the actual needs of society and the research focus, which fails to effectively support the improvement of housing quality and public health. Methodologically, the examination of the 12 available scholarly documents, including student theses and research articles, reveals significant limitations. These limitations include the lack of coherent theoretical frameworks and the predominant reliance on researcher-developed questionnaires, which, in turn, have diminished the validity and comprehensiveness of the research findings. Additionally, the limited use of content analysis and systematic review methods, especially in existing research, highlights a lack of diversity and depth in the methodologies employed. These issues indicate the need for a reevaluation of research methods and the adoption of stronger theoretical frameworks and standard tools to enhance the quality of studies and policymaking related to healthy housing. Conclusion: This study examines the state of research on healthy housing in Iran, analyzing both the strengths and weaknesses of existing studies. The findings reveal significant disparities in addressing the concept of healthy housing within domestic research, suggesting that prevailing housing policies and a greater focus on quantity rather than quality have exacerbated this situation. By analyzing 12 scholarly documents, including theses and research articles, this study explores various dimensions of healthy housing and identifies methodological limitations and a lack of diversity in research approaches. These limitations include the absence of a cohesive theoretical framework and an over-reliance on researcher-developed questionnaires. Additionally, the status of housing indicators in Iranian cities has been reported as generally unfavorable. The study underscores the need to address fundamental gaps and deficiencies in healthy housing research and emphasizes the importance of improving methodological rigor and evidence-based policymaking. Introduction: Healthy housing, as one of the fundamental human needs, plays a crucial role in ensuring physical and mental well-being. In Iran, despite the importance of this issue, research related to healthy housing has not received adequate attention, and existing studies have faced challenges in defining the concept of healthy housing. This study employs a meta-analytic approach to comprehensively review and analyze the research conducted on healthy housing in Iran, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of these studies and the main trends and challenges. The ultimate goal of this research is to provide a comprehensive and precise overview of the state of research on healthy housing in Iran, which can assist policymakers and researchers in making informed decisions and improving housing quality and public health. Methodology: This study is categorized as an applied, interpretive research with a qualitative approach and content analysis methodology, aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of research conducted in healthy housing. Data collection was carried out through documentary methods and based on text sources.Meta-analysis, a powerful tool for synthesizing knowledge within a research domain, involves several stages, including sample selection, extraction and synthesis of themes, and evaluation of research quality. To identify relevant studies, searches were conducted in academic databases such as IranDoc, Google Scholar, Magiran, and Elmnet using the keywords “housing”, “healthy city”, and “healthy housing”, resulting in the identification of 147 scholarly documents, including theses and research articles. After excluding duplicate (60 cases) and irrelevant studies (36 cases), 50 studies were screened; ultimately, 12 sources were selected for final analysis. Results: To evaluate the studies conducted in the field of healthy housing, all 12 identified scientific documents up to the time of writing this research were examined in terms of type, publication period, and publication location. These studies included theses, scientific-research articles, and scientific-specialized articles. Six of these studies were university theses from universities such as Yazd, Guilan, Mohaghegh Ardabili, Shahid Beheshti, and Iran University of Science and Technology. The articles published in scientific research and scientific-specialized journals included only a few articles in this domain. Despite the importance of the topic, healthy housing studies in Iran have not received sufficient attention from domestic researchers. The review showed that the earliest studies on healthy housing began in the late 2000s and continued until 2023. However, there has been a declining trend since 2017. These studies have primarily focused on the cities of Ardabil, Mashhad, Daran, Yazd, Tehran, Zabol, Babol, Nazarabad, and Eslamshahr. From a methodological perspective, all studies followed a descriptive-analytical model and lacked methodological diversity. This limitation has resulted in the absence of content analysis and systematic review, thus not providing a deep and comprehensive understanding of the subject of healthy housing. Additionally, data collection tools were mostly limited to documentary-library methods, with less attention given to questionnaires, observations, interviews, and focus groups. Findings indicate that 25% of the studies calculated the reliability of their measurement tools. However, the failure to calculate reliability in the remaining studies has led to issues such as inaccurate measurements and unreliable results. Furthermore, seven out of the twelve reviewed studies had a conceptual model. The lack of a conceptual framework can reduce the accuracy of findings and lead to their misinterpretation. The dimensions of healthy housing examined included physical-structural, social, economic, environmental, demographic, and quality-of-life aspects. These dimensions refer to the tangible and structural features of housing, economic impacts, social interactions, environmental conditions, and suitability for different demographic needs. While the studies conducted in this field have focused more on key dimensions, due to the lack of a coherent theoretical framework and reliance on researcher-made questionnaires, all various dimensions of healthy housing have not been fully covered. Discussion: This study provides an in-depth analysis of the research status regarding healthy housing in Iran, critically examining both the strengths and weaknesses present. A prominent issue addressed by this research is the significant disparities in the conceptualization of healthy housing within domestic studies. The findings reveal that despite the importance of this topic, research in Iran has not adequately and comprehensively addressed various dimensions of healthy housing. These shortcomings are particularly attributed to the prevailing policies in the housing sector and the emphasis on quantity over quality in policy and program formulation. In other words, the insufficient focus on the quality of housing and its theoretical aspects indicates a profound gap between the actual needs of society and the research focus, which fails to effectively support the improvement of housing quality and public health. Methodologically, the examination of the 12 available scholarly documents, including student theses and research articles, reveals significant limitations. These limitations include the lack of coherent theoretical frameworks and the predominant reliance on researcher-developed questionnaires, which, in turn, have diminished the validity and comprehensiveness of the research findings. Additionally, the limited use of content analysis and systematic review methods, especially in existing research, highlights a lack of diversity and depth in the methodologies employed. These issues indicate the need for a reevaluation of research methods and the adoption of stronger theoretical frameworks and standard tools to enhance the quality of studies and policymaking related to healthy housing. Conclusion: This study examines the state of research on healthy housing in Iran, analyzing both the strengths and weaknesses of existing studies. The findings reveal significant disparities in addressing the concept of healthy housing within domestic research, suggesting that prevailing housing policies and a greater focus on quantity rather than quality have exacerbated this situation. By analyzing 12 scholarly documents, including theses and research articles, this study explores various dimensions of healthy housing and identifies methodological limitations and a lack of diversity in research approaches. These limitations include the absence of a cohesive theoretical framework and an over-reliance on researcher-developed questionnaires. Additionally, the status of housing indicators in Iranian cities has been reported as generally unfavorable. The study underscores the need to address fundamental gaps and deficiencies in healthy housing research and emphasizes the importance of improving methodological rigor and evidence-based policymaking.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_8388_b769dce79d113e8cfd18a3ad83b12db5.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 8 3 2024 09 22 Evaluation of Natural Ventilation Performance Using Modeling of Urban Forms in the Old Context of Shiraz Metropolis Evaluation of Natural Ventilation Performance Using Modeling of Urban Forms in the Old Context of Shiraz Metropolis 120 139 8390 10.22124/upk.2025.28792.1980 FA Ardalan Aflaki Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, University of Guilan, Rasht. Iran Saghar Hasani Master of Urban Planning, Apadana Institute of Higher Education, Shiraz, Iran Seyedeh Aida Hoseini PhD Candidate in Urban Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Amin Habibi . Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Mohammad Nikkar Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Journal Article 2024 04 15 Introduction: The rapid urbanization since the Industrial Revolution has significantly altered cities, replacing natural surfaces with buildings, which impacts near-ground meteorological conditions like temperature, wind, and humidity. This leads to pollution, urban heat islands, and higher energy demands. Urban ventilation, influenced by factors like urban design, can help mitigate these effects. Studies on urban ventilation focus on macro, meso, and micro scales, with micro-scale studies using CFD simulations and wind tunnel experiments to optimize airflow. In Shiraz, rapid development, destruction of greenery, and heavy traffic have made it the eighth most polluted city in Iran. This study examines the historical fabric of District 8 in Shiraz, focusing on building arrangement and its effect on airflow and pollution. The goal is to use CFD simulations and data to improve natural ventilation and address pollution, enhancing Shiraz’s environment and quality of life in the face of climate change and urban growth. Methodology: The historical fabric of Shiraz, covering an area of 395.90 hectares, houses a population of around 92,173 people, with a density of 199 people per hectare. It is located between Karim Khan Zand and Lotfali Khan Zand streets. According to cultural heritage regulations, building heights in this area should range from one to two stories; however, along the periphery of the fabric, particularly the ring surrounding it (between Qa'ani, Timuri, Saadi, and Tawhid streets), there are three- to four-story buildings, and even taller structures. In main streets such as Karim Khan Zand, Lotfali Khan Zand, and Ahmadi, there is also a trend towards taller buildings. For this research, an area of District 8 along Lotfali Khan Zand Street was selected due to its minimal changes and preservation of the original form and structure of buildings. However, within the old fabric, newly constructed buildings with varying heights have altered the original arrangement. This study uses a quantitative approach and simulation with the FloEFD software to assess airflow within the studied fabric. After library research and reviewing the existing site conditions, the initial model was created using the software . To evaluate the impact of research components on airflow and pollutant reduction on Lotfali Khan Zand Street, two additional models were created. In the first model, building heights increase from the street edge into the fabric, while in the second model, the height decreases as it approaches the street. The software uses the Navier-Stokes equations and the k-ε model to calculate wind direction and intensity, with advanced meshing techniques to improve computational accuracy. For simplification and to fit within system limitations, details like green spaces and intricate building features were excluded from the modeling. The models in FloEFD were designed using SolidWorks, integrated within the software. These models were based on existing maps and field data from buildings on Lotfali Khan Zand Street and the layers behind them. Irregularities in building heights cause air to be trapped in the fabric, hindering proper air exchange and ventilation. For fluid calculations, the computational domain was considered as a rectangular box around the model. Additionally, environmental data such as temperature, wind speed, and air pressure were input based on average meteorological data. This study evaluates three components: building heights (A), street widths (B), and urban block arrangements (C), by altering these parameters in the simulation software and analyzing their impacts on airflow, permeability, pressure, and temperature. Three different models were examined: Model 1: The existing situation with buildings scattered at irregular heights ranging from one to three stories. Model 2: Units with lower density and fewer stories (one to two stories) at the street edge, with taller buildings (three to six stories) behind them. Model 3: Taller buildings (three to six stories) at the street edge, with shorter units (one to two stories) behind them. In the simulation, parameters such as primary and secondary wind speeds, static and dynamic pressures, and the temperature of the incoming airflow were chosen as the objectives for analysis. All models were pre-meshed with advanced techniques before simulation. Results: Simulation model analysis: The simulation findings were reviewed using horizontal (Cut Plot), vertical (Surface Plot), and airflow trajectory (Flow Trajectories) distributions. The three models studied were: Existing fabric model: Irregular building dispersion. Lower floors at the street edge and higher floors behind: Relatively improved ventilation. Higher floors at the street edge and lower floors behind: The most effective model for proper airflow. Conclusion: In the studied area, creating diverse block arrangements and considering various building heights can enhance urban ventilation. The arrangement of buildings—lower heights near the street edge and taller ones behind—can improve wind flow, optimize natural ventilation, and significantly reduce pollutant levels. These findings offer valuable insights for urban planning, especially for areas in Shiraz, to help mitigate pollution and enhance the quality of life for residents. Introduction: The rapid urbanization since the Industrial Revolution has significantly altered cities, replacing natural surfaces with buildings, which impacts near-ground meteorological conditions like temperature, wind, and humidity. This leads to pollution, urban heat islands, and higher energy demands. Urban ventilation, influenced by factors like urban design, can help mitigate these effects. Studies on urban ventilation focus on macro, meso, and micro scales, with micro-scale studies using CFD simulations and wind tunnel experiments to optimize airflow. In Shiraz, rapid development, destruction of greenery, and heavy traffic have made it the eighth most polluted city in Iran. This study examines the historical fabric of District 8 in Shiraz, focusing on building arrangement and its effect on airflow and pollution. The goal is to use CFD simulations and data to improve natural ventilation and address pollution, enhancing Shiraz’s environment and quality of life in the face of climate change and urban growth. Methodology: The historical fabric of Shiraz, covering an area of 395.90 hectares, houses a population of around 92,173 people, with a density of 199 people per hectare. It is located between Karim Khan Zand and Lotfali Khan Zand streets. According to cultural heritage regulations, building heights in this area should range from one to two stories; however, along the periphery of the fabric, particularly the ring surrounding it (between Qa'ani, Timuri, Saadi, and Tawhid streets), there are three- to four-story buildings, and even taller structures. In main streets such as Karim Khan Zand, Lotfali Khan Zand, and Ahmadi, there is also a trend towards taller buildings. For this research, an area of District 8 along Lotfali Khan Zand Street was selected due to its minimal changes and preservation of the original form and structure of buildings. However, within the old fabric, newly constructed buildings with varying heights have altered the original arrangement. This study uses a quantitative approach and simulation with the FloEFD software to assess airflow within the studied fabric. After library research and reviewing the existing site conditions, the initial model was created using the software . To evaluate the impact of research components on airflow and pollutant reduction on Lotfali Khan Zand Street, two additional models were created. In the first model, building heights increase from the street edge into the fabric, while in the second model, the height decreases as it approaches the street. The software uses the Navier-Stokes equations and the k-ε model to calculate wind direction and intensity, with advanced meshing techniques to improve computational accuracy. For simplification and to fit within system limitations, details like green spaces and intricate building features were excluded from the modeling. The models in FloEFD were designed using SolidWorks, integrated within the software. These models were based on existing maps and field data from buildings on Lotfali Khan Zand Street and the layers behind them. Irregularities in building heights cause air to be trapped in the fabric, hindering proper air exchange and ventilation. For fluid calculations, the computational domain was considered as a rectangular box around the model. Additionally, environmental data such as temperature, wind speed, and air pressure were input based on average meteorological data. This study evaluates three components: building heights (A), street widths (B), and urban block arrangements (C), by altering these parameters in the simulation software and analyzing their impacts on airflow, permeability, pressure, and temperature. Three different models were examined: Model 1: The existing situation with buildings scattered at irregular heights ranging from one to three stories. Model 2: Units with lower density and fewer stories (one to two stories) at the street edge, with taller buildings (three to six stories) behind them. Model 3: Taller buildings (three to six stories) at the street edge, with shorter units (one to two stories) behind them. In the simulation, parameters such as primary and secondary wind speeds, static and dynamic pressures, and the temperature of the incoming airflow were chosen as the objectives for analysis. All models were pre-meshed with advanced techniques before simulation. Results: Simulation model analysis: The simulation findings were reviewed using horizontal (Cut Plot), vertical (Surface Plot), and airflow trajectory (Flow Trajectories) distributions. The three models studied were: Existing fabric model: Irregular building dispersion. Lower floors at the street edge and higher floors behind: Relatively improved ventilation. Higher floors at the street edge and lower floors behind: The most effective model for proper airflow. Conclusion: In the studied area, creating diverse block arrangements and considering various building heights can enhance urban ventilation. The arrangement of buildings—lower heights near the street edge and taller ones behind—can improve wind flow, optimize natural ventilation, and significantly reduce pollutant levels. These findings offer valuable insights for urban planning, especially for areas in Shiraz, to help mitigate pollution and enhance the quality of life for residents.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_8390_232c3bd81cb8e2c5c8ffdd2f0c2495ac.pdf