دانشگاه گیلان دانش شهرسازی 2645-5412 9 1 2025 05 20 Exploring the Relationships between Empowerment and Place Attachment; A Systematic Review of Key Factors تبیین روابط توانمندسازی و دلبستگی به مکان، مروری نظام‌مند بر عوامل کلیدی 1 29 8769 10.22124/upk.2025.29450.2001 FA الهام بداغ آبادی دانشجوی دکتری شهرسازی، دانشکده شهرسازی، پردیس هنرهای زیبا ، دانشگاه تهران، تهران بهناز امین زاده استاد شهرسازی - پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2025 01 04 Introduction: Empowerment and place attachment are two foundational concepts in local development, each significantly shaping social, cultural, and spatial outcomes. Empowerment involves strengthening the capacity of individuals and communities to participate meaningfully in decision-making, exercise agency, and manage local resources—thus promoting social equity and self-governance. Place attachment, by contrast, reflects emotional, cognitive, and behavioral bonds between people and place, encompassing dimensions of belonging, identity, and responsibility toward one’s environment. When these two processes interact, they form a mutually reinforcing cycle: empowered individuals tend to develop stronger affective ties to their locality, while a deep sense of place motivates civic engagement and participatory action. Despite the conceptual proximity of empowerment and place attachment, most studies have explored them in isolation. As a result, there remains a significant gap in understanding how enhanced agency, shared power, and participatory governance translate into stronger emotional and symbolic ties to place—and vice versa. This systematic review addresses that gap by examining how these concepts intersect and how their integration contributes to more sustainable, inclusive, and community-driven development practices. Methodology: Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted in Scopus and Web of Science (October 3, 2024), targeting peer-reviewed English-language sources using keywords such as “place identity,” “civic engagement,” “capacity-building,” and “social empowerment.” The search yielded 986 items; after rigorous screening via the Rayyan platform, 46 studies were selected for in-depth review. To synthesize qualitative data, the study employed meta-synthesis based on Sandelowski and Barroso’s seven-step approach. MAXQDA software supported multi-phase thematic coding, resulting in 282 conceptual codes across psychological, social, political, legal, and environmental dimensions. These were clustered to reveal broader themes linking empowerment and place attachment within the context of community-based initiatives. The selection process is illustrated the figure below, clearly showing how articles were filtered from identification to inclusion. Results: The integration of cognitive, functional, and governance dimensions reveals a reciprocal relationship between empowerment and place attachment. Cognitively, individuals with higher psychological empowerment-marked by self-awareness, perceived control, and competence-exhibit stronger emotional and participatory commitment to their communities. Functionally, engagement in communal activities fosters supportive social networks, reinforcing belonging. Governance-wise, inclusive institutions that promote power-sharing, transparency, and capacity-building enhance long-term place attachment. Overall, 21 critical factors were identified, including active participation, shared decision-making, legal protections, grassroots economic support, and skills-based education. These elements collectively demonstrate how empowerment strengthens place attachment and vice versa. Discussion: This study positions empowerment and place attachment not as parallel tracks but as converging, co-dependent phenomena vital to inclusive urban planning. It emphasizes the importance of tailoring strategies to specific psychological, social, and governance contexts. For practitioners and policymakers, this means designing multi-layered interventions that respect local identities while building institutional mechanisms for long-term participation. The findings also reveal that place attachment can act not just as an outcome of development but as a catalyst for sustained engagement. As such, urban planning must move beyond transactional participation toward models that empower communities through identity formation, collective memory, and shared agency. Conclusion: This study advances the discourse on local development by offering a systematic framework linking empowerment and place attachment across cognitive, functional, and governance levels. It emphasizes equitable power distribution and institutional support as essential to fostering sustained community engagement and belonging. By positioning place attachment as both an outcome and a catalyst of participation, the review encourages more integrated development strategies that strengthen self-reliance, resource management, and the long-term success of community-based initiatives. بیان مسئله: توانمندسازی و دلبستگی مکانی، مفاهیمی بنیادین در توسعه محلی و اجتماع‌محور هستند. توانمندسازی با ارتقای ظرفیت‌های مشارکت و دلبستگی با تقویت احساس هویت و تعلق، به پایداری توسعه کمک می‌کنند. با وجود پژوهش‌های متعدد، رابطه و مکانیسم‌های تأثیرگذاری این مفاهیم به‌طور جامع شناسایی نشده‌اند. عدم درک صحیح این تعامل در لایه‌های زیرین، چالش‌هایی را در اثربخشی طرح‌های توسعه محلی ایجاد می‌کند. لذا، شناسایی سازوکارهای تعامل این مفاهیم برای تحقق و توفیق طرح‌های مشارکتی و توسعه‌ محلی ضروری است. هدف: هدف این پژوهش، بررسی و فهم چگونگی تأثیرگذاری متقابل توانمندسازی و دلبستگی مکانی بر یکدیگر و شناسایی سازوکارهای مؤثر در این تعامل به منظور بهره‌برداری از آن در راستای اثربخشی فرآیندهای توسعه محلی است. روش: با بهره‌گیری از مرور نظام‌مند، مطابق با استانداردهای پریزما، از میان 986 مقاله شناسایی‌شده در پایگاه‌های معتبر، پس از غربالگری و ارزیابی کیفیت، 46 مقاله انتخاب شدند. تحلیل محتوای کیفی این منابع منجر به استخراج ۲۸۲ کد مفهومی شد. یافته‌ها: توانمندسازی و دلبستگی از طریق ایجاد تعامل سازنده در سه ساختار کلیدی شناختی (فردمحور)، عملکردی (میانجی) و حکمرانی(سطح کلان)، شامل مکانیسم‌های اجتماعی، محیطی و کالبدی، اقتصادی، سیاسی و حقوقی، و ظرفیت‌سازی آموزش؛ می‌تواند به شکل‌گیری هویت مکانی، تقویت حس تعلق، ترویج تعهد و مسئولیت‌پذیری نسبت به مکان، و ارتقای خودکفایی و استقلال محلی منجر شود. در مجموع، 21 مولفه کلیدی مؤثر در این فرآیند شناسایی شدند. نتیجه گیری: چارچوب ارائه‌شده، بر اهمیت توزیع عادلانه قدرت، و تقویت ساختارهای حکمرانی برای نهادینه‌سازی عملکردهای اجتماعی و اقتصادی مشارکتی در راستای اهداف توانمندسازی و دلبستگی در توسعه‌های اجتماع‌محور تأکید دارد. این رویکرد می‌تواند ظرفیت و سرمایه‌های مختلف جوامع محلی را برای خودکفایی و مدیریت منابع افزایش داده و بستر تحقق‌پذیری طرح‌های توسعه محلی را فراهم آورد.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_8769_3ffe22ce0dbe22e23fb6ccc089a23ab4.pdf

دانشگاه گیلان دانش شهرسازی 2645-5412 9 1 2025 03 21 Identification and Futuristic analysis of cascading consequences of a possible earthquake in Tehran (introduction of intersecting, destructive and complex chains) شناسایی و تحلیل آینده پژوهانه پیامدهای آبشاری زلزله احتمالی در تهران (معرفی زنجیره‌های متقاطع، مخرب و پیچیده) 30 53 8724 10.22124/upk.2025.29318.1994 FA آرش شیرانی فرادنبه دانشجوی دکتری، پردیس بین الملل کیش، دانشگاه تهران، کیش، ایران علی اصغر پورعزت استاد مدیریت دولتی، گروه مدیریت دولتی، دانشکده مدیریت، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران احد رضایان قیه باشی استادیار آینده پژوهی، دانشکده حکمرانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران Journal Article 2024 12 21 Introduction: Earthquakes are among the most devastating natural disasters due to their unpredictability and extensive consequences Because of the dense population and vulnerable infrastructure in Tehran,, the risk of cascading effects and interconnected crises caused by earthquakes is significantly heightened. These cascading effects often result in long-term challenges across various sectors, including social, environmental, economic, and governance systems. Understanding these interconnected impacts is crucial for developing proactive urban management and resilience strategies. This study aims to identify the cascading and systemic impacts of a potential earthquake in Tehran. It focuses on analyzing the interactions and interdependencies among these impacts to highlight destructive chains. By presenting a comprehensive and future-oriented framework, the study seeks to enhance decision-making in urban management and civil defense, thereby strengthening urban resilience and mitigating the impacts of crises. Methodology: A qualitative approach was employed to examine the potential impacts of an earthquake in Tehran. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with experts and analyzed using the Future Wheel Technique, open coding, and thematic analysis. A Likert scale questionnaire was administered to identify high-impact outcomes with the potential to trigger destructive chains. Expert evaluations were conducted to validate the findings and prioritize the most significant consequences. Results: The findings revealed that an earthquake in Tehran could initiate destructive chains across seven critical domains: Chains threatening the environment and disrupting ecosystems refer to cascading events initiated by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, that significantly alter ecological balances. These chains not only lead to the displacement of species and biodiversity loss but also undermine critical ecosystem services, including water purification, soil stability, and carbon sequestration. Such disruptions create long-term repercussions for human health, food security, and economic resilience. The compounded effects extend into socio-economic systems, highlighting the interconnectedness of environmental integrity and societal stability.Vulnerability chains and the weakening of susceptible infrastructure following seismic events severely disrupt the effective functioning of critical systems, such as transportation, healthcare, energy, and water, significantly diminishing communities 'ability to manage crises and rebuild. Infrastructure vulnerability during earthquakes impairs the delivery of essential services, exacerbates social inequalities, lowers the quality of life, and increases costs. Therefore, effectively managing these vulnerability chains is a prerequisite for accelerating reconstruction, reducing casualties, and enhancing community resilience in the face of future events.Chains exacerbating post-earthquake psychological damage can range from mild anxiety disorders to severe trauma conditions, such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Earthquakes, being highly traumatic events, bring death to close family members, financial ruin, and the destruction of vital infrastructure. This trauma is further worsened by the continuous fear of aftershocks and the disruption of social networks. Poor mental health infrastructure—from basic services to more comprehensive systems—can significantly limit the ability to cope, thereby aggravating psychological harm. These psychological effects have serious ramifications beyond personal health, as they permeate all levels of decision-making, from the individual to the institutional level, and may manifest as behavioral tensions that inhibit collective action. This spiral of damage often leads to heightened social friction, a lack of coordination in response to the crisis, and a breakdown in confidence in authorities within the affected communities. Additionally, these psychological injuries can lead to increased social inequality, delayed recovery, and generally lower resilience. Societies with underdeveloped mental health systems face significant risks, as many lack effective frameworks for intervention. Fully understanding this chain of impact is crucial for implementing interventions that not only support mental health but also strengthen social cohesion and accelerate recovery.Chains undermining economic security and sustainability include the corrosive economic impact of earthquakes—a sudden and sharp economic shock. Infrastructure damage, supply-chain disruptions, and reduced demand lead to lower production, higher unemployment, and inflation. Disturbed investor confidence, driven by these factors, further hampers efforts to attract both domestic and foreign investment. These challenges are exacerbated by pre-existing structural conditions such as economic inequalities, weak financial institutions, and a lack of transparency in decision-making. The consequences of earthquakes not only devastate the regional economy but also hinder sustainable development and exacerbate social inequalities. Therefore, a deep understanding of these chains is crucial for developing appropriate economic policies aimed at strengthening economic resilience and ensuring faster and more sustainable recovery in earthquake-affected regions. Chains threatening energy security and sustainability are triggered by earthquakes, which are recognized as devastating Discussion: natural phenomena that create significant challenges for energy management. Earthquakes can cause the destruction of power plants, electricity transmission lines, and gas distribution networks, leading to widespread energy outages. In addition to risks such as gas leaks and fires, these situations can escalate into secondary crises, like explosions. Damage to energy infrastructure—particularly crucial for hospitals and healthcare centers—disrupts the provision of essential services, increasing fatalities. Furthermore, disruptions in fuel supply chains for power plants and critical industries, caused by damage to transportation infrastructure, not only reduce energy production but also severely impact the functioning of key sectors, including healthcare and industry.Chains threatening the sustainability and management of vital resources triggered by earthquakes extend beyond physical destruction, leading to widespread humanitarian crises. A key challenge after an earthquake is the damage to critical infrastructure, such as water supply systems, food distribution networks, and healthcare services. The destruction of water infrastructure and disruption of food supply chains exacerbate shortages of drinking water and essential food supplies. This, combined with the damage to healthcare facilities and the sudden surge in demand for medical services, leads to the spread of infectious diseases and increased mortality rates. Weak resource management and a lack of coordination in relief efforts further deepen the crisis, leading to social unrest, violence, and looting. These conditions erode public trust in government and relief organizations, complicating and delaying the recovery process. Moreover, these chains of threats intensify social inequalities, placing additional economic and social pressure on affected communities, significantly delaying their return to normalcy.Chains posing risks to sustainable governance and social cohesion arise as earthquakes place immense pressure on political and social systems. Earthquakes, as sudden and devastating events, challenge governance structures by eroding public trust, exacerbating social inequalities, and creating displacement and migration crises. The destruction of infrastructure and disruption of governmental institutions lead to inefficiencies in service delivery and crisis response, further diminishing public confidence in the government and fostering corruption and mismanagement. The inability to manage the post-disaster aftermath, such as the unequal distribution of aid, intensifies social disparities and weakens social cohesion, potentially leading to protests, civil unrest, and even the collapse of governance at local and, in extreme cases, national levels. Additionally, in such destabilized conditions, external threats and exploitation by adversaries can jeopardize national security. The long-term consequences of this chain of risks include prolonged recovery, rising poverty and inequality, political instability, and a decline in the quality of life in affected regions. These challenges underscore the critical need for strengthening governance, enhancing social cohesion, and ensuring efficient disaster preparedness.These destructive chains necessitate specific policy interventions aimed at either preventing crises from escalating or mitigating their worst effects. By targeting critical points within these chains, such as improving infrastructure resilience or developing emergency resource management protocols, Tehran can reduce the likelihood of cascading impacts overwhelming the city. Conclusion: This research highlights the importance of managing destructive chains through enhanced coordination, strengthened governance structures, and proactive planning. By integrating civil defense principles, urban management strategies, and multi-sector collaboration, Tehran can improve its resilience to earthquakes and reduce the risk of cascading crises. The study provides a foundation for future research on systemic disaster impacts and offers practical insights for policymakers to prioritize actions that mitigate secondary and tertiary effects. بیان مسئله: زلزله‌ها به‌منزله یکی از مخرب‌ترین بلایا، ظرفیت ایجاد پیامدهای آبشاری و زنجیره‌های بحرانی دارند که بر همه ابعاد مدیریت شهری تأثیر می‌گذارند. تهران، با جمعیت بالا، زیرساخت‌های آسیب‌پذیر و موقعیت لرزه‌خیز، در زمره شهرهای به شدت در معرض خطر زلزله و پیامدهای پیچیده ناشی از زلزله قرار دارد. زلزله احتمالی تهران با آثار متقاطع خود می‌تواند بحران‌های گسترده‌ای برای مدیریت شهری ایجاد کند. با توجه به «رویکرد چند خطر» به مخاطرات، به نظر می‌رسد این بحران‌ها، به‌ویژه به دلیل تعاملات پیچیده پیامدها، فراتر از آثار زیرساختی بوده و به زنجیره‌های مخرب تبدیل می‌شوند. هدف: این پژوهش به شناسایی پیامدهای زلزله تهران با لنز محیط‌های پیچیده شهری با رویکردی جامع و آینده‌نگر می‌پردازد. این مطالعه با تحلیل وابستگی‌های متقابل میان پیامدها و معرفی «زنجیره‌های مخرب» ناشی از آثار آبشاری، در پی ارائه بینش‌هایی برای بهبود تصمیم‌گیری در مدیریت شهری است. این پژوهش بر تحلیل زنجیره‌های مخرب ناشی از زلزله تمرکز دارد تا از منظر مدیریت شهری و امنیت پیش‌نگرانه، بینشی برای تقویت تاب‌آوری شهری و کاهش پیامدهای بحران ارائه دهد. روش: پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی، از کدگذاری باز، چرخ‌آینده و تحلیل مضمونی برای شناسایی و دسته‌بندی پیامدهای زلزله در حوزه‌های مختلف بهره می‌برد. همچنین، پیامدها و محرک‌ها با استفاده از ابزارهای متعددی شناسایی و تحلیل شده‌اند. یافته‌ها: تحلیل‌ها نشان دادند زلزله می‌تواند پیامدهایی هم‌پیوند در زیرساخت‌های حیاتی، روان جمعی، شریان‌های انرژی و حوزه‌های اقتصادی و اجتماعی ایجاد کند. این پیامدها، با هم‌افزایی متقابل، زنجیره‌های مخربی شامل هفت حوزه امنیت زیست‌محیطی، زیرساخت‌های حساس، روان‌شناختی، انرژی، اقتصادی، منابع حیاتی و حکمرانی پایدار شکل می‌دهند. نتیجه‌گیری: زلزله در تهران با ایجاد «زنجیره‌های مخرب» پیامدهای آبشاری، بحران‌های چندلایه‌ای در ابعادی همچون زیرساختی، اقتصادی، اجتماعی و زیست‌محیطی رقم می‌زند. مدیریت مؤثر این بحران، نیازمند برنامه‌های جامع، تقویت شبکه‌های حیاتی، بهبود مدیریت ساختارهای شهری، استقرار مدیریت تاب‌آور شهری و هماهنگی میان نهادهای مرتبط است.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_8724_3ac2a983b4c72b985b57212f19e7afb3.pdf

دانشگاه گیلان دانش شهرسازی 2645-5412 9 1 2025 03 21 Analysis of Factors Contributing to Interurban Road Accidents: A Case Study of Tehran-Rasht Route تحلیل عوامل موثر در بروز سوانح جاده ای بین شهری (مطالعه موردی: مسیر تهران-رشت) 54 72 8779 10.22124/upk.2025.28506.1974 FA سکینه خداکرم زاده دانشجو دکترای جامعه‌شناسی گرایش بررسی‌مسائل ایران، دانشگاه آزادتهران مرکزی حسین آقاجانی مرساء دانشیاردانشکده علوم‌اجتماعی دانشگاه آزادتهران مرکزی(نویسنده‌مسئول) طهمورث شیری دانشیاردانشکده علوم‌اجتماعی دانشگاه آزادتهران مرکزی Journal Article 2024 09 21 Introduction: Road traffic accidents have emerged as a pervasive global challenge, affecting not only public health and safety but also imposing significant economic, social, and environmental burdens on nations across the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies road traffic accidents as one of the leading causes of unnatural deaths, with over 1.35 million fatalities annually attributed to traffic-related incidents. Countries characterized by suboptimal infrastructure, weak regulatory frameworks, and ineffective oversight are particularly vulnerable to this public safety crisis. While substantial research has been conducted in the realm of road safety, there remains a gap in the literature concerning the comprehensive and integrative analysis of the complex interplay between the human, technical, environmental, and governance-related factors that contribute to road traffic accidents. The Tehran-Rasht corridor represents one of Iran's most vital and heavily trafficked roadways, serving as the primary link between the capital and the northern provinces. This route faces numerous challenges, including its unique geographical and climatic conditions, high traffic volumes, and the diversity of vehicles utilizing it. Additionally, human factors such as driver behavior, insufficient driver education, and inadequate traffic infrastructure—including signage and road conditions—are pivotal contributors to the incidence of accidents. This study employs a data-driven approach, utilizing advanced statistical analyses to rigorously identify the key factors underpinning accidents along this corridor. By integrating both quantitative and qualitative methods, this research aims to explore the nuanced interactions among these factors and propose actionable solutions to mitigate accidents and enhance overall road safety. Methodology: This study adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative research strategies to capture a holistic understanding of the issue. In the quantitative phase, data were gathered from a sample of 250 drivers of both light and heavy vehicles, along with 150 traffic police officers operating along the Tehran-Rasht corridor. A standardized questionnaire and a five-point Likert scale were utilized to ensure consistency, reliability, and comparability of the data. The questionnaires focused on drivers' familiarity with traffic laws, driving history, and personal experiences with road accidents.In the qualitative phase, a purposeful sampling method was used to select 17 key managers and experts from the Road Maintenance and Transport Organization, as well as 5 university professors in the field of sociology. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the factors influencing road accidents and to collect expert recommendations for addressing these issues. This methodological approach not only enables statistical analysis but also considers the human, social, and cultural dimensions of the problem. Results: The quantitative analysis indicates that demographic variables such as gender, age, and marital status do not exhibit a statistically significant correlation with drivers' awareness of traffic laws. However, factors such as educational level and driving experience demonstrate a strong positive association with drivers’ understanding of traffic regulations. These findings underscore the critical role of education and experience in enhancing drivers' knowledge and compliance with traffic laws. Furthermore, the results highlight the significant impact of social, cultural, economic, and infrastructural factors on driver behavior. Specifically, the study found that societal attitudes toward traffic laws, the prevailing driving culture, and the state of road infrastructure—including the condition of roads, traffic signage, and weather-related factors—directly influence drivers' adherence to traffic regulations. Among the variables considered, physical infrastructure and governance-related factors, such as police presence and enforcement practices, were found to have the most substantial effect on drivers' compliance with traffic laws. Discussion: The findings underscore the continued relevance of social and cultural factors in shaping road safety outcomes. Specifically, the role of governance policies, including continuous monitoring, police visibility, and stringent enforcement of traffic regulations, is paramount. Additionally, sustained driver education and public awareness campaigns are essential components in reducing the frequency of traffic accidents. In high-traffic corridors like Tehran-Rasht, where specific geographical challenges exist, the consistent presence of law enforcement and the rigorous application of regulatory measures are pivotal in preventing accidents. One notable aspect of this study is the potential for mass media to play a pivotal role in educating the public and fostering a culture of safe driving. Media platforms, including television programs, advertisements, and public service campaigns, are invaluable tools for raising public awareness and influencing driver behavior. In particular, the use of digital media and social networks has proven effective in reaching younger drivers and new vehicle owners, offering an opportunity for tailored interventions to improve road safety. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for a comprehensive, multi-faceted strategy to reduce road accidents and improve overall transportation safety. This strategy should encompass strengthening police oversight, leveraging media resources, enhancing road infrastructure, and improving public awareness regarding the importance of adhering to traffic laws. Moreover, prioritizing improvements in traffic signage and road conditions is essential for further reducing accident rates.Future research could focus on exploring advanced models of road accident management and the complex interrelationships between various contributing factors. Additionally, incorporating international best practices and the experiences of other countries could inform the development of optimized strategies for accident reduction at the national level. Ultimately, this study provides a valuable foundation for policy development in the areas of transportation and road safety governance. بیان مسئله: تصادفات جاده‌ای به عنوان یک بحران حمل‌ونقل، سالانه منجر به تلفات انسانی و خسارات اقتصادی گسترده می‌شود. محور تهران-رشت، به دلیل حجم بالای تردد و شرایط پیچیده محیطی، از جمله نقاط پرریسک کشور محسوب می‌شود. با وجود تحقیقات متعدد، بررسی جامع عوامل انسانی، محیطی، حاکمیتی و فنی در وقوع سوانح این محور ضروری است. این پژوهش با رویکرد داده‌محور تلاش دارد تا ارتباط این عوامل را شناسایی و راهکارهای نوین برای کاهش تصادفات ارائه دهد. هدف: هدف اصلی این مطالعه، تحلیل چندبعدی عوامل مؤثر در تصادفات جاده‌ای بین‌شهری در مسیر تهران-رشت و ارائه راهبردهای عملیاتی برای بهبود ایمنی ترافیک است. روش: پژوهش با رویکرد آمیخته شامل مطالعات کمی (توصیفی-استنباطی) و کیفی (پدیدارشناسی) انجام شده است. جامعه آماری شامل ۲۵۰ راننده و ۱۵۰ پلیس راهور در محور مذکور و ۱۷ مدیر راهداری و ۵ استاد دانشگاه است. داده‌های بخش کمی با نرم‌افزار SPSS تحلیل شده و آزمون‌های همبستگی، رگرسیونی و عاملی تأییدی برای ارزیابی روابط متغیرها اجرا شده‌اند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان می‌دهد که سطح تحصیلات و سابقه رانندگی با میزان آشنایی به قوانین رابطه معنادار دارند، اما سایر متغیرهای جمعیت‌شناختی تأثیری نشان نداده‌اند. در تحلیل رگرسیونی گام‌به‌گام، عوامل فیزیکی، حاکمیتی و اجتماعی-فرهنگی باقی مانده و عوامل اقتصادی حذف شده‌اند. نتیجه‌گیری: پژوهش بر اهمیت اجرای دقیق قوانین توسط پلیس راهور، تقویت نظارت فیزیکی و برخورد با متخلفان تأکید دارد. بهره‌گیری از رسانه‌ها برای ارتقای فرهنگ ترافیکی و آگاهی‌بخشی به رانندگان در خصوص بررسی وضعیت فنی خودرو پیش از سفر نیز از راهکارهای کلیدی کاهش تصادفات محسوب می‌شود.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_8779_415d375fff252d6e2c3d1ee5470650bb.pdf

دانشگاه گیلان دانش شهرسازی 2645-5412 9 1 2025 03 21 Analysis of Water's Role in the Structure and Spatial Organization of Iranian Cities Using the Space Arrangement Method (Case study: Iran's Climatic Zones) تحلیل نقش آب در ساختار و سازمان فضایی شهری ایران به کمک روش چیدمان فضا؛ (مطالعه موردی: پهنه‌های اقلیمی ایران) 73 92 8780 10.22124/upk.2025.28579.1976 FA محمد خندان دانشجوی دکتری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنراسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران احد نژادابراهیمی استاد دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی . دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز لیلا مدقالچی دانشیار، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنراسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران Journal Article 2024 09 29 Introduction: Water plays a crucial role in the formation of human civilizations, especially in Iran, where it symbolizes purity, fertility, and love. This cultural significance, alongside its physical presence, has influenced city planning, neighborhood layout, and urban development. By examining cities at various scales, we can see how water impacts their origin, placement, and future growth, affecting social, economic, and cultural life. At a macro level, water has shaped city structures; at an intermediate level, water supply systems have influenced spatial organization and activity locations. At a micro level, people's interactions with water enrich urban spaces. The complexities in analyzing urban structures necessitate a method that addresses these challenges. The space arrangement method provides a valuable approach, emphasizing spatial coherence in urban analysis. This research employs a historical interpretive study with a mixed-methods approach, first narrating the historical relationship between water and urban development. It then uses the space arrangement method to explore the connection between water and urban spatial organization in various climatic zones in Iran, aligned with the case study. Methodology: Considering the research's goal of analyzing water's role in shaping cities, a historical interpretive method is appropriate. This approach allows for a comprehensive exploration of socio-physical phenomena through narrative and holistic analysis. Key to this interpretation is gathering and organizing clues to create a believable narrative. When examining past phenomena, interpretative-historical research is employed. This study will utilize narrative strategies to report historical processes regarding water's influence on urban formation and development. However, the physical and spatial complexities involved can complicate explanations of water's effects. Thus, a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative and qualitative techniques is necessary. Specifically, the space syntax method and spatial correlation index will be employed to quantitatively investigate water's impact on urban structures across different climates, facilitating comparisons of urban contexts and enhancing our understanding of water's influence on city organization. Results: The water systems of Iranian cities can be classified into three main categories. The first is systems based on underground water, including wells and aqueducts. Ancient people believed that land rested on water, leading them to dig wells to access it. In arid regions, aqueducts were crucial for supplying underground water, shaping the spatial organization of cities. Second, systems based on flowing water, where rivers played significant roles in city formation and development. They provided functions such as defense and commerce, with their impact varying according to their location and the region's topography. Third, combined systems allow for the use of multiple water sources simultaneously, reflecting climatic diversity. Cities can harness rain, snow, rivers, and underground water, creating a comprehensive water management strategy. Discussion: Water is one of the most fundamental components of the climate that creates life in a geographical area. Therefore, people in different geographical locations experience different styles of life, which, as a side effect, imposes its effects on the form, structure, and spatial organization of the city. As a result, a city with access to the river will have a different structure than a city with a canal or a city with abundant rainfall. In this regard, the role of water at the macro, medium, and micro levels, which will crystallize the interaction of water in the spatial structure and organization of cities, is investigated in the climatic zones of countries. In the northern part of the country, the abundance of rain has created the soil fertile, and on the other hand, easy access to water sources does not limit the selection of settlements [macro level] to a specific place. Therefore, these conditions have led to the decentralized structure of northern cities, which is largely related to easy access to water. In connection with the internal divisions and also guiding the directions of the expansion of the city [intermediate level], this lack of settlement restrictions has contributed to the scattered expansion and lack of compaction of the cities, and the traditional divisions, including neighborhoods, areas, etc., are not observed, and the only points of concentration are commercial lines along the main roads of the city. The cities of the central plateau of Iran, in locating [macro level], show a complete adaptation to the foothill alluvial cones in which it is possible to access underground water through aqueducts. So because of these limitations in choosing the location of cities and villages, compactness and concentration of the context can be seen in the vicinity of water sources, which are mainly aqueducts. In the interpretation of the internal zoning of the city as well as the direction of expansion [middle level], the same issue of water resource limitation has been effective in the non-dispersion of settlements and has created a concentrated and compact structure with gradual and continuous development around a neighborhood center that is based on a water resource (reservoir). The logical result of this compact and concentrated type of texture will be the formation of a hierarchy of establishments from private to public spaces. Which will be affected by the route of the aqueduct. Cities in mountainous areas have tended to compact settlements in order to be protected from the cold. Therefore, the orientations were shaped to benefit from water resources, and the structure and spatial organization of cities were influenced by rivers. In the interpretation of the internal zoning of the city [middle level], the limitation of the flat land in combination with the cold climate has been effective in shaping a concentrated and compact texture with a hierarchy of establishments from private to public spaces along rivers. Conclusion: The relationship between water and the city can be analyzed on three levels. First, at the macro level and placement of cities, determining the relationship between the city and the region, determining the directions of development, and designing urban infrastructures; in other words, on a macro scale, water has shaped the structure of the city and determined its development directions. Second, at the middle level, water organized the spatial organization of cities by determining the limits of development, locating land uses, and explaining the relationship between context and activity. In other words, water has depicted the body of the city in relation to the activities that include water-related service buildings such as water storage and baths. According to the climate of the region, in the form of rivers, streams, aqueducts, etc., along the movement of water, it formed the core of the localities. Finally, at the level of wisdom and the presence of citizens in urban spaces, water on this scale is displayed in ponds and fountains inside public buildings and materializes the concept of place in the city. But it should be noted that these three levels are completely interrelated and dependent, so if the role of water is ignored or not understood correctly at one level, it will reveal its effects on other scales as well. Therefore, water fulfills the needs of life, is consecrated and worshiped in places, and improves the conditions for the presence of people in the city. In order to understand the effects of water on the origin, formation, historical development, and spatial structure and organization of cities in relation to climate, the scales of water presence should be compared with the definitions of space (place), structure, and spatial organization. بیان مسئله: نگاه فراکالبدی و فرهنگی به آب در همراهی با حضور فیزیکی و کارکردی، تأثیر خود را در پیدایش و توسعه تمدن‌ها، با گزینش مکان استقرار شهرها، چیدمان و نحوه توسعه محلات ایفا نموده و در نهایت مهر خود را بر ساختار و سازمان فضایی شهرها زده است. واکاوی نقش آب در متمایز نمودن ساختار و سازمان فضایی شهرها در اقلیم‌های مختلف خاستگاه پژوهش خواهد بود. هدف: بررسی تحلیلی پهنه‌های اقلیمی ایران و ساختار و سازمان فضایی شهرهای هر پهنه به کمک روش چیدمان فضا و ارائه راهکارهای سازمان‌دهی و اصلاح ساختار فضایی شهر براساس آن است. روش: پژوهش حاضر مبتنی بر بررسی تفسیری تاریخی با تکیه بر تحلیل محتوا براساس ترکیب الگوهای کمی و کیفی است. لذا آنچه در بستر زمان در ارتباط با حضور آب و تأثیراتش در شکل‌گیری و توسعه فضاهای شهری و ساختار و سازمان فضایی آن‌ها اتفاق افتاده است، در قالب روایی گزارش می‌گردد و در ادامه با استفاده از روش چیدمان فضا به بررسی ارتباط میان آب با ساختار و سازمان فضایی شهرها در پهنه‌های اقلیمی ایران پرداخته خواهد شد. یافته‌ها: با تأمل در ساختار و سازمان فضایی شهرها در مقیاس‌های کلان، میانی و خرد، می‌توان نقش آب را در پیدایش، مکان‌گزینی، شکل‌گیری و توسعه آتی شهرها مشاهده نمود که حیات اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی جوامع را متأثر می‌نموده است. در سطح کلان، آب در هنگام مکانیابی ساختار شهر حضور داشت. در سطح میانی، نظام آب‌رسانی، سازمان فضایی شهرها را علی‌رغم ارگانیک بودن، تحت تأثیر قرار داده و به مکانیابی کاربری‌ها و فعالیت‌ها جهت می‌داد. در سطح خرد نیز حضور مردم در فضاهای شهری، تبیین‌کننده تعامل با آب و ایجاد فضاهای خاطره‌انگیز بود. نتیجه گیری: آسیب‌شناسی ساختار فضایی شهر برای سازمان‌دهی پیکره‌بندی فضایی و ایجاد یکپارچگی در کل شهر ضروری است و روش چیدمان فضا ابزاری مناسب در این زمینه است. خدمات‌رسانی مناسب و بهبود عملکرد شهری، بدون شناخت دقیق ساختار و سازمان فضایی شهر کارایی لازم را به همراه نخواهد داشت.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_8780_a54389fbde4baf22e821b59e60743d8d.pdf

دانشگاه گیلان دانش شهرسازی 2645-5412 9 1 2025 03 21 Analysis of the Factors Influencing Urban Branding (Case Study: Amol city) تحلیل مؤلفه های مؤثر بر برندسازی شهری (مورد مطالعه: شهر آمل) 93 119 8781 10.22124/upk.2025.29393.2000 FA یاسر فرزانه دانشجوی مقطع دکتری رشته شهرسازی دانشگاه آزاد آیت اله آملی ، آمل، ایران علی شمس الدینی دانشیار گروه شهرسازی و معماری، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران مصطفی حسین زاده استادیار گروه هنر و معماری، واحد ایت اله آملی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آمل، ایران صبا جهانگیر استادیار گروه شهرسازی، واحد آیت الله آملی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آمل، ایران. Journal Article 2024 12 30 Introduction: In city branding, what is important is the image of the city in question. What the city is famous for. In city branding, one should maneuver on the specific parameters of that city that can distinguish that city from other similar cities. This work cannot be done in the short term and long-term planning should be done for it. Urban branding approaches have been different in recent years. In the beginning, the emphasis of experts was more on the climatic and geographical features of the city and the prominent business and industries of that city, while in recent years, the role of culture and cultural factors as well as virgin innovations have been more and more noticed in the branding of the city. This main motivation of place branding is to design an attractive image for the city by using spatial and non-spatial features to provide added value in the competition between cities for this purpose of urban design and architecture. Considering the lack of a suitable and clear image of Amol Vity, the main goal of this research is to present the branding model of Amol City with an emphasis on the urban image. Presenting the branding model of Amol City with an emphasis on the urban image. In order to brand Amol City, this research tries to root and explain the mental image of residents and tourists and the potential of Amol city, and after analyzing the key concepts, using foresight, formulate practical guidelines for a possible future. Methodology: This study, using a descriptive-analytical approach and a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, identifies the mental image of citizens and the capabilities of the city of Amol. Through questionnaires, documentary studies, and analysis using MICMAC software, it examines the factors influencing urban branding in Amol. Results: This study aims to develop a branding model for the city of Amol with an emphasis on the mental image held by residents and tourists. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach and a mixed-methods design combining quantitative and qualitative techniques, the research identifies and analyzes the key factors influencing urban branding. To explore the interrelationships among these factors, foresight methods and the MICMAC software was utilized. A total of 23 main factors related to city branding - including human resource management, infrastructure, services, investment, and tourism— were identified.These factors were arranged in a matrix with identical rows and columns, and the direct influence of each factor on the others was scored between zero and three by 20 experts from relevant fields.To reach consensus, a specialized expert panel completed and refined the decision matrix.The MICMAC analysis produced a coordinate map, with the X-axis representing “dependence” and the Y-axis representing “influence” of each factor. The coordinate plane was divided into four quadrants, allowing for the identification of key driving factors based on their high influence and low dependence. Factors located in this quadrant were recognized as key drivers of the city’s branding process.According to the analysis, the main driving factors are:Human resource management, research and development in science and technology, financial resources, transportation infrastructure, urban service distribution, and tourism attractions.Furthermore, based on expert scoring and the CODAS method, tourists were identified as the primary target group for branding efforts. Amol, characterized by its pristine natural environment, adequate access to services, rich local culture, and favorable social security, enjoys high attractiveness for tourists.The findings demonstrate that a positive mental image of the destination, combined with natural and functional capacities of the city, plays a critical role in enhancing its urban brand. Neglecting these potentials could weaken the city’s competitive position among other destinations. Conclusion: In this regard, and based on the current situation of the city of Amol, recommendations have been proposed to preserve and enhance the quality of the city's existing potentials and to attract investors, grounded in the results of citizen surveys and data analysis. These recommendations have been formulated as practical strategies across various domains, with the aim of branding the city of Amol and sustainably improving its capacities. بیان مسئله: برندسازی شهری فرآیندی راهبردی است که با تکیه بر ویژگی‌های منحصربه‌فرد جغرافیایی، فرهنگی و اقتصادی شهر، تصویری متمایز و جذاب از آن ارائه می‌دهد. این رویکرد با هدف ارتقای جایگاه رقابتی شهر در جذب سرمایه‌گذاری و گردشگر، نیازمند برنامه‌ریزی بلندمدت و بهره‌گیری از ظرفیت‌های مکانی و غیرمکانی است. در سال‌های اخیر، نقش فرهنگ و نوآوری در این فرآیند پر رنگ‌تر شده و طراحی شهری نیز به‌عنوان ابزاری برای تقویت برند شهری مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. هدف: ارائه الگوی برندسازی شهر آمل با تأکید بر تصویر شهری، هدف اصلی این پژوهش است. این تحقیق می‌کوشد با ریشه‌یابی و تبیین تصویر ذهنی ساکنان و گردشگران از شهر آمل و شناسایی پتانسیل‌های آن، مفاهیم کلیدی مرتبط را تحلیل کرده و در ادامه، با بهره‌گیری از رویکرد آینده‌نگاری، دستورالعملی کاربردی برای آینده‌ای محتمل تدوین کند. روش: این پژوهش با رویکرد توصیفی-تحلیلی و ترکیبی از روش‌های کمی و کیفی، به شناسایی تصویر ذهنی شهروندان و قابلیت‌های شهر آمل پرداخته و با استفاده از پرسشنامه، مطالعات اسنادی و تحلیل نرم‌افزار میک‌مک، عوامل مؤثر در برندسازی شهری آمل را بررسی کرده است. یافته‌ها: پس از بررسیهای انجام شده این نتیجه به دست آمد که شهر آمل دارای پتانسیلهای مطلوبی در جهت تبدیل شدن به برند منطقهی و جذب گردشگران است. نتیجه گیری: در این راستا، و با توجه به وضعیت موجود شهر آمل، بر پایهٔ نتایج حاصل از نظرسنجی‌های انجام‌شده از شهروندان و تحلیل داده‌های به‌دست‌آمده، پیشنهادهایی در جهت حفظ و ارتقای کیفیت پتانسیل‌های موجود شهر و نیز جذب سرمایه‌گذاران ارائه شده است. این پیشنهادها در قالب راهکارهای عملی، به‌صورت تفکیکی در حوزه‌های مختلف، با هدف برندسازی شهر آمل و بهبود پایدار ظرفیت‌های آن تدوین گردیده است.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_8781_acadea3b8f2b169380fe83b932a6789e.pdf

دانشگاه گیلان دانش شهرسازی 2645-5412 9 1 2025 03 21 Assessment Residents' Satisfaction in Minimum Housing’s based on Human Needs ارزیابی رضایت‌مندی ساکنین مسکن حداقل براساس نیازهای انسانی 120 133 8818 10.22124/upk.2025.19370.1629 FA امیررضا کریمی آذری دانشیار و عضو هئیت علمی گروه معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری دانشگاه گیلان، رشت فاطمه سمیع‌یوسفی گروه معماری/دانشکده هنرومعماری/دانشگاه گیلان 0009-0008-8195-1575 Journal Article 2021 05 11 Introduction: One of the most common solutions to providing housing by governments is planning and building social housing. Minimization is widely used as a practical approach in social housing so that this type of housing can also be called minimum housing. Minimizing spaces in minimum housing, as a common solution, neglects the quality of residential environments, which has an impact on the quality of human life and, as a result, satisfaction in the residential environment. Therefore, paying attention to the factors that influence the quality of life and thus the satisfaction of minimum housing is important. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effective factors in meeting the human needs in minimum housing, which in turn lead to an increased level of residential satisfaction in residents. This study seeks to answer the following questions; which factors affect the satisfaction of residents in housing, and how and to what extent each of these factors impact on human needs and consequently in the satisfaction of residents of minimum housing? The research investigates critical design parameters that address occupant needs in minimum housing units, with the ultimate objective of improving measurable indicators of residential satisfaction through evidence-based architectural solutions. Methodology: In the first part of this paper, the descriptive analysis method was used to determine the effective factors to create satisfaction with the study of researches and reviewing credible literature resources in the field. Then, according to the effective factors, the questionnaire’s questions were developed based on the micro criteria of each factor and also the content goal table. A questionnaire structure is formed to evaluate 5 human factors (physiological need, peace and security, territoriality, aesthetics, sense of place, and belonging) and 7 environmental factors (housing facilities, safety, access, environmental health, public and green spaces, urban landscape, and flexibility). In this study, a closed-answer questionnaire was used, and questions to measure the main variables used a 5-point Likert scale. Using this questionnaire, from 331 residents of Mehr housing in Rasht, 8 individual questions and 37 evaluation questions for 5 human factors and 7 environmental factors were questioned. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the research questionnaire was estimated at 0.854 using SPSS software. *Corresponding Author: amirreza_karimiazeri@guilan.ac.ir Copyright: © 2024 by the authors. Submitted for possible open access publication under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Since its value is more than 70%, the obtained alpha coefficient indicates the reliability of the research questionnaire. Mean, standard deviation of scores, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were used to evaluate the research variables in the descriptive statistics analysis part, and in the inferential statistics analysis section, nonparametric Spearman correlation coefficient and Friedman test were used.The study population comprises residents of Mehr Housing in Rasht, Iran. A total of 331 questionnaires were distributed among residents, with collected responses undergoing systematic analysis. Results: Analysis of the results, which presents descriptive statistics of the research variables, reveals the following: The highest mean score (17.84) corresponds to the Housing Utilities variable. The lowest mean score (5.50) is associated with the safety variable. Based on the results obtained from the correlation matrix table, the calculated correlation coefficients indicate significant relationships between: Creating flexibility in residential built environments and establishing personal boundaries/territoriality, Emphasizing urban aesthetics and enhancing sense of beauty, and Improving accessibility and strengthening place attachment. To determine the significance of differences in mean satisfaction ranks among human and environmental factors, the Friedman test was employed. The Friedman test results indicate that, according to participants' responses: The lowest ranking was assigned to the Physiological Needs variable (mean rank = 1.79). The highest ranking was given to the Tranquility and Safety variable (mean rank = 3.68). Conclusion: The study revealed that beyond fundamental considerations of lighting, spatial dimensions, per capita standards (housing utilities), and safety in minimum housing design, parameters such as adaptability, optimal accessibility, and urban landscape significantly enhance housing quality and address human needs. Incorporating these components in minimum housing design is crucial for improving resident satisfaction. Furthermore, addressing territorial needs, fostering place attachment, and integrating aesthetic quality through formulated spatial design principles—both physically and functionally—can effectively achieve these objectives.The following table was developed through synthesizing inferential findings, factor ranking, and comparing the highest-impact environmental factors on human dimensions. By analyzing the degree of influence each environmental factor exerts on human factors, particularly the highest-ranked components, we can discern their relative importance in design. Consequently, establishing appropriate design principles for each selected environmental factor can enhance resident satisfaction and meet behavioral needs, ultimately improving quality of life in minimum housing. Examining influential components of residential satisfaction serves as criteria and metrics for evaluating existing housing environments. These criteria and metrics can further inform the development of architectural solutions for residential spaces, addressing human needs through integrated environmental and human factors to enhance housing quality and ultimately increase resident satisfaction. بیان مسئله: یکی از راه‌حل‌های شایع در تأمین مسکن توسط دولت‌ها، برنامه‌ریزی و ساخت مسکن اجتماعی می‌باشد. حداقلسازی به عنوان یک رویکرد کاربردی در مسکن اجتماعی بسیار استفاده می‌شود به گونه‌ای که می ‌توان این نوع مسکن را مسکن حداقل نیز نامید. کمینه کردن فضاها در مسکن حداقل به عنوان یک راه حل متداول، موجب نادیده گرفته شدن کیفیت محیط‌های مسکونی که عاملی تأثیرگذار بر کیفیت زندگی انسان و در نتیجه رضایت‌مندی در محیط مسکونی ساخته شده است، می‌گردد. در نتیجه توجه به عوامل و مؤلفه‌های تأثیرگذار در افزایش کیفیت زندگی و در نتیجه ایجاد رضایت‌مندی سکونتی در مسکن حداقل اهمیت دارد. هدف:هدف از این پژوهش بررسی مؤلفه‌های مؤثر در تأمین نیازهای انسانی در مسکن حداقل که در نتیجه منجر به افزایش سطح رضایت‌مندی سکونتی در ساکنین این گونه از مسکن می‌گردد، می‌باشد. روش:در این پژوهش در مرحله اول به روش تحلیلی-توصیفی متغیرها و ریز معیارهای مؤثر در ایجاد رضایت‌مندی براساس نیازهای انسانی ارائه گردید. سپس میزان تأثیرگذاری هرکدام از متغیرها در تأمین نیازهای انسانی با توجه به مؤلفه‌های محیطی و انسانی ارزیابی شد. برای این منظور به وسیله پرسش‌نامه بسته پاسخ با مقیاس لیکرت 5 گزینه‌ای، از 331 نفر از ساکنین مسکن مهر شهر رشت، 8 سوال فردی و 37 سوال ارزیابی برای 5 عامل انسانی و 7 عامل محیطی پرسیده شد. نتایج به روش آمار توصیفی و استنباطی مورد بررسی و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها:نتایج پژوهش نشان داد علاوه بر توجه به مؤلفه‌های نور و ابعاد و سرانهها (تسهیلات مسکن) و ایمنی در طراحی مسکن حداقل، پارامترهایی مانند انعطافپذیری و دسترسی مناسب و همچنین سیمای شهری در ارتقا کیفیت مسکن حداقل و رفع نیازهای انسانی تأثیر به‌سزایی دارند و لحاظ کردن این مؤلفهها در طراحی مسکن حداقل، به منظور افزایش رضایت‌مندی ساکنان حائز اهمیت میباشد. با افزایش نیازهای قلمروگزینی، حس تعلق خاطر و زیباییشناسی از طریق تدوین اصول طراحی فضاها از نظر کالبدی و عملکردی نیز می‌توان به این هدف دست پیدا کرد. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج پژوهش نشان داد علاوه بر توجه به مؤلفه‌های نور و ابعاد و سرانهها (تسهیلات مسکن) و ایمنی در طراحی مسکن حداقل، پارامترهایی مانند انعطافپذیری و دسترسی مناسب و همچنین سیمای شهری در ارتقا کیفیت مسکن حداقل و رفع نیازهای انسانی تأثیر به‌سزایی دارند و لحاظ کردن این مؤلفهها در طراحی مسکن حداقل، به منظور افزایش رضایت‌مندی ساکنان حائز اهمیت میباشد.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_8818_b7ffb47104d7718c641ddf9c8e3b00fd.pdf