دانشگاه گیلان دانش شهرسازی 2645-5412 9 2 2025 08 23 Genealogy of Power Strategies for Legitimization and De‏‏legitimization in Planning Practice: A Case Study of the Revision of the Urban Renewal Plan for the Area Surrounding the Imam Reza Holy Shrine تبارشناسی استراتژی‌های قدرت برای مشروعیت بخشی و مشروعیت زدایی در عمل برنامه‌ریزی شهری؛ (مطالعه موردی: بازنگری طرح بهسازی و نوسازی بافت پیرامون حرم مطهر امام رضا (ع)) 1 26 8382 10.22124/upk.2024.26562.1919 FA سارا وثوقی دانش آموخته دکتر شهرسازی، دانشکده شهرسازی، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران فرشاد نوریان دانشیار، دانشکده شهرسازی، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2024 03 18 Introduction: Postmodernists adopt a critical approach to power and legitimacy by challenging the idealistic normative criteria of rationality and democracy as the basis for justifying planning decisions in an era where power is all-pervasive. To address the need for a power-sensitized understanding of the nature of legitimacy, this paper addresses the critical yet little-understood issue of how power shapes the construction of legitimacy in planning practice. Based on Foucault's genealogy, the paper proposes a conceptual framework for studying the influence of power strategies on the legitimacy of planning decisions. This framework advances our understanding of the relationship between power and legitimacy by showing how actors in real decision-making situations use strategies and counter-strategies to control the conduct of others. As a result of the strategic game, the procedures of Normalization construct subjugated subjects who decide upon claims and counter-claims of legitimacy. Methodology: This article proposes a conceptual framework for genealogical analysis of the power-legitimacy nexus. This framework analyzes the interplay between power and legitimacy through: Identifying Legitimacy Conflicts: Mapping disputes over the legitimacy of urban planning decisions. Articulating Claims/Counterclaims: Systematizing competing legitimacy assertions within these conflicts. Analyzing Power Strategies: Examining how actors (with defined privileges, objectives, and institutional tools, grounded in rational Postmodernists adopt a critical approach to power and legitimacy by challenging the idealistic normative criteria of rationality and democracy as the basis for justifying planning decisions in an era where power is all-pervasive. To address the need for a power-sensitized understanding of the nature of legitimacy, this paper addresses the critical yet little-understood issue of how power shapes the construction of legitimacy in planning practice. Based on Foucault's genealogy, the paper proposes a conceptual framework for studying the influence of power strategies on the legitimacy of planning decisions. This framework advances our understanding of the relationship between power and legitimacy by showing how actors in real decision-making situations use strategies and counter-strategies to control the conduct of others. As a result of the strategic game, the procedures of Normalization construct subjugated subjects who decide upon claims and counter-claims of legitimacy. Methodology: This article proposes a conceptual framework for genealogical analysis of the power-legitimacy nexus. This framework analyzes the interplay between power and legitimacy through: Identifying Legitimacy Conflicts: Mapping disputes over the legitimacy of urban planning decisions. Articulating Claims/Counterclaims: Systematizing competing legitimacy assertions within these conflicts. Analyzing Power Strategies: Examining how actors (with defined privileges, objectives, and institutional tools, grounded in rational justifications within specific social institutions) deploy strategies/counter-strategies to enforce acceptance of legitimacy claims. Interpreting Normalization: Tracing how new norms emerge post-conflict, compelling subjects to reconfigure their actions and behaviors (subjectification). This strategic analysis framework is applied to legitimacy conflicts during the revision of Samen District's Urban Renewal Plan (2014-2020). Choosing this case is based on the Deviant Case Sampling strategy. The complicated, long struggle for the justification of plan revision represents the most clear-cut instance of the effect of power on legitimacy. The data originated from 10 narrative in-depth interviews, 212 official documents (planning documents, official correspondence, approvals, reports of official meetings), and 563 unofficial documents (press reports of official interviews, official meetings, official speeches, reports of official websites of the institutions). In the process of the research, transferability, credibility, confirmability, and dependability are considered to ensure validity. Results: The genealogy of the Revision of Samen District's Urban Renewal Plan demonstrates the active roles of actors in the conflict over the legitimization and delegitimization of the fundamental revision of the plan. During the revision process, actors engage in a strategic game that creates unfinished struggles regarding the decision to maintain or change the main structure of the plan. Strategies and counter-strategies to control and win the conflict over the revision justification shift the formal planning struggle to an informal juridical one with its process, actors, criteria, and characteristics. In consequence, most parts of the main structure of the plan remain unchanged in the revised plan despite the initial official decision. Discussion: The genealogy of the Revision of Samen District's Urban Renewal Plan demonstrates the active roles of actors in the conflict over the legitimization and delegitimization of the fundamental revision of the plan. During the revision process, actors engage in a strategic game that creates unfinished struggles regarding the decision to maintain or change the main structure of the plan. Strategies and counter-strategies to control and win the conflict over the revision justification shift the formal planning struggle to an informal juridical one, with its ow process, actors, criteria, and characteristics. Consequently, most parts of the main structure of the plan remain unchanged in the revised plan despite the initial official decision. This study demonstrates that power struggles in strategic games intentionally create context-based, ongoing conflicts over the legitimacy of decisions. In these conflicts, the legitimization of decisions is determined by the strategic game controlled by powerful actors, who set the rules based on the situation and conditions. In this context, power is exercised through two different strategies: First, strategies to challenge the legitimacy of the decisions, decision-makers, the procedure of decision-making, norms of decision-making, and decision consequences. Applying these strategies leads to creating conflicts on legitimacy. Second, strategies to manage legitimacy conflicts. By using these strategies, power was mainly gained and control maintained over struggles. The strategic game of power in planning practice constructs subjugated subjects who are obedient to the new normalization of the decisions, decision-makers, the procedure of decision-making, norms of decision-making, and decision consequences. In planning practice, decisions are often not challenged based on criteria accepted by society, such as ethical, legal, or scientific considerations. Instead, the pragmatic rationality of power finds alternative ways that are considered more practical to legitimize or delegitimize decisions. Speeding up the implementation of the Samen District's urban renewal project to practically eliminate the rational possibility of plan revisions illustrates how power deviates from the idealistic path to planning legitimacy. Furthermore, strategies of power can alter or adjust formal decision-making processes embedded within bureaucratic planning systems. The case study shows that actors not only limit themselves to making decisions within preset and established mechanisms but also utilize a variety of semi-formal and informal procedures. The power struggle determines which process is ultimately legitimized. In addition to the decision-making process, the legitimacy of the decision-makers is also contested. The exercise of power plays a crucial role in deciding who is authorized to make decisions on a particular issue and who is not. Including or excluding actors from the decision-making process is a direct result of strategies and counter-strategies of power, which can either delegitimize actors in their current positions or grant legitimacy to new ones. Conclusion: This research proposes an empirical perspective on planning legitimacy that differs from prescriptive approaches. It challenges the view that the legitimacy of urban planning can be determined merely on the basis of predetermined normative criteria. According to this empirical view, planning legitimacy in practice is constructed through complex and reciprocal relationships with power. Furthermore, the results indicate that the application of power strategies engenders a process of normalization that facilitates subjectification. This process destabilizes what had been accepted and normalized within urban planning mechanisms as legitimate, customary, and acceptable, subsequently replacing it with new normalized practices. The outcome is the normalization of new decisions, processes, actors, criteria, and consequences deemed legitimate and acceptable. Subjects then find themselves compelled to align their actions accordingly. Within the process of revising the Samen District's urban renewal plan, the "judicialization of decision-making" gradually becomes normalized. This normalization enables the steering of subjects' actions (subjectification) toward acceptance of increased judicial interventions in the urban planning decision-making process. This underscores the fundamental impact of strategic power play in the reconfiguration of legitimacy perceptions within urban planning practice. This new understanding of legitimacy in urban planning practice requires further study to clarify its complex dimensions. بیان مسئله: در سایه مطالعات پست‌مدرنیستی در نقد رویکرد تجویزی برنامه‌ریزی شهری مدرنیستی این پرسش که چگونه مشروعیت تصمیمات برنامه‌ریزی شهری متأثر از روابط قدرت احراز می‌شود کمتر موردمطالعه قرار گرفته است. هدف: این مقاله در تلاش برای تبیین ارتباط قدرت و مشروعیت در بستر واقعی برنامه‌ریزی شهری، با پیشنهاد رویکرد تحلیلی بر اساس تبارشناسی فوکو، استراتژی‌ها و ضداستراتژی‌های بازیگران قدرت را برای ایجاد سوژه‌های مطیعِ ادعاها و ضد ادعاهای مشروعیت تصمیمات در عمل و نتیجه این بازی استراتژیک قدرت یعنی بهنجارسازی را واکاوی می‌نماید. روش: بر مبنای چهارچوب نظری و روش‌شناختی مبتنی بر تبارشناسی فوکو، تجربه بازنگری طرح بهسازی و نوسازی بافت پیرامون حرم مطهر- طرح طاش (1393-1399) بر اساس استراتژی انتخاب نمونه مفرط بررسی و با جمع‌آوری چندبعدی داده‌ها، 212 مستند رسمی، 563 مستند غیررسمی و 11 مصاحبه عمیق نیمه ساختاریافته تحلیل شد. یافته‌ها: تبارشناسی بازنگری طرح طاش، نقش فعالانه بازیگران قدرت را در منازعه بر روی مشروعیت‌بخشی به یا مشروعیت‌زدایی از ‏تجدیدنظر بنیادین طرح را نشان می‌دهد که در این بستر، تقابل استراتژی‌های قدرت منجر به تغییر عرصه منازعات بر روی ‏مشروعیت از حوزه برنامه‌ریزی شهری به حوزه قضایی و بهنجارسازی "قضایی سازی تصمیم‌گیری" در حوزه شهرسازی می‌گردد.‏ نتیجهگیری: در عرصه منازعه آگاهانه و مبتنی بر زمینه بازیگران بر روی مشروعیت در بستر بازی استراتژیک قدرت در عمل برنامه‌ریزی شهری، برخی از استراتژی‌ها معطوف به مشروعیت‌بخشی به و مشروعیت‌زدایی از تصمیمات، فرایندهای تصمیم‌گیری، بازیگران تصمیم‌گیر، معیارهای تصمیم‌گیری و تبعات تصمیم و برخی استراتژی‌ها معطوف به منازعه زدایی از مشروعیت (کنترل منازعه به نفع خود) هستند. با اعمال این استراتژی‌ها، در پایان منازعه بر روی مشروعیت سوژه‌های مطیعی (سوژه‌سازی) شکل‌گرفته که تابع بهنجارسازی جدید از تصمیمات، فرایندها، بازیگران، معیارها و تبعات می‌شوند. در نتیجه بازی استراتژیک قدرت، درک از مشروعیت در عمل برنامه‌ریزی شهری بازتنظیم می‌شود.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_8382_349394c7f41cbb227deae8a02b4f8f05.pdf

دانشگاه گیلان دانش شهرسازی 2645-5412 9 2 2025 08 23 Conceptualizing of National and Regional Decentralization: Identification of Conceptual Models and Measurement Indicators مفهوم شناسی تمرکززدایی ملی و منطقه‌ای: شناسایی مدل‌های مفهومی و شاخص‌های اندازه‌گیری 27 54 9058 10.22124/upk.2025.23956.1856 FA ساناز عابدی کارشناسی ارشد برنامه‌ریزی منطقه‌ای، دانشکده مهندسی معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران احمد خلیلی استادیارگروه شهرسازی،دانشکده مهندسی معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران سید عبدالهادی دانشپور دانشیارگروه شهرسازی ،دانشکده مهندسی معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2023 04 15 Introduction: Decentralization is considered a fundamental tool for achieving economic and administrative efficiency in different regions of the world and is often implemented as a response to three major factors: top-down centralized planning, the need for spatial justice and population distribution, and the existence of various problems and issues in centralized areas. As such, adopting a decentralized approach that takes into account the relative advantages of regions and their diverse environmental capabilities can lead to the growth and development of diverse settlements across a country. In most developing countries, concentration has been created in various fields based on the social, economic, and environmental conditions governing them. Furthermore, excessively centralized government management structures have resulted in the deprivation of basic standards for growth, development, and living well-being in all regions of the country. Consequently, many developed and developing countries prioritize decentralization as an essential strategy to address the needs of people in different regions. Despite increased research, significant conceptual confusion persists regarding decentralization. Researchers hold differing views on the concepts and definitions of decentralization, its underlying causes, and outcomes. Methodology: The objective of the present study is to conceptualize national and regional decentralization and to identify conceptual models and measurement indicators using a descriptive-analytical approach within a comparative framework for evaluated components. To establish a theoretical framework, a documentary-library approach was utilized to identify factors affecting decentralization. Results: After reviewing academic and international literature on decentralization, 50 indicators were selected to measure decentralization. Furthermore, a conceptual model was proposed to elucidate key factors involved in the decentralization process, including population, economic development, revenue, expenditure, geographical size, government structure, service provision, expert human resources, and access to knowledge and information. This conceptual model can assist policymakers and planners in developing optimal strategies for decentralization from centralized areas by examining the process, factors, and outcomes of decentralization. Discussion: Decentralization is a complex, multidimensional concept without a single agreed definition. Many studies highlight its positive social, economic, political, and spatial impacts. Decentralized planning and management are fundamental strategies adopted widely by numerous countries to achieve desired outcomes. Decentralization is an important mechanism for transferring power and resources from central government institutions to local levels of government. It is important to note that, though the goals of decentralization may differ, they all aim to improve democratic governance, increase citizen participation, and enhance government accountability. Fiscal, spatial, administrative, economic, and political decentralization are necessary to reduce inequalities, promote economic growth, strengthen local governance, and consolidate democracy. The goal of decentralization is to change administrative systems and processes in order to improve public participation, increase access to resources, and improve efficiency in the centralized policymaking process. Local government leaders possess the opportunity to develop innovative solutions for tackling complex problems and addressing local needs, thereby fostering democracy and enhancing responsiveness. Additionally, decentralization plays a significant role in spatial development by promoting the growth and development of productive areas and the efficient use of scarce resources to uplift deprived areas, as well as promoting equitable access to public goods and services and the development of infrastructure that meets the needs of local communities throughout the region, which leads to spatial balance at national and regional levels. In addition, it can lead to the creation of competitive markets that promote the development of innovative ideas, creativity, and entrepreneurship, leading to a more dynamic economy and an equitable distribution of wealth that can adapt to changes as they occur. Conclusion: Despite various policies and measures related to decentralization, the process remains centralized and has not been successfully implemented in practice due to a lack of delegation to regional and local levels, central government structures, neglect of some regions, and the absence of systematic and principled planning. Successful implementation of decentralization requires time and continuous attention and should be gradually phased in. Global experiences have shown that considering all dimensions of decentralization allows regional and local governments to respond to citizens' needs, leading to improved quality and efficiency. Decentralization approaches yield different results based on the structural conditions of individual countries. Therefore, analyzing the situation, prioritizing issues, assessing capacity, identifying necessary reforms, determining roles and responsibilities, and identifying beneficiaries are necessary for successful outcomes. بیان مسئله: براساس سیاستهای توسعه منطقه‌ای، تمرکززدایی از مناطق متمرکز کشور به عنوان یک هدف‌گذاری کلان مورد توجه برنامه‌ریزان شهری و منطقه‌ای قرار گرفته است. در کشور‌های در حال توسعه مانند ایران پس از پیروزی انقلاب اسلامی، تمرکززدایی سیاسی- اداری، مالی- اقتصادی و کالبدی به عنوان سیاست‌های راهبردی توسعه استان‌های کشور مدنظر قرار گرفت و گام‌های اساسی در جهت تمرکززدایی در ایران برداشته شد اما همچنان به عنوان مسئله ای حل نشده در مباحث برنامه‌ریزی منطقه‌ای قرار گرفته است. هدف: هدف از این پژوهش مفهوم‌شناسی تمرکززدایی ملی و منطقه‌ای، شناسایی مدل‌های مفهومی و شاخص‌های اندازه‌گیری است. روش: تحقیق حاضر از نوع توصیفی-تحلیلی است و با توجه به مؤلفه‌های مورد بررسی، رویکرد حاکم بر آن قیاسی است. در این پژوهش به منظور شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر تمرکززدایی و تدوین چارچوب نظری از روش کتابخانه‌ای- اسنادی استفاده شده است. یافته‌ها: مهم‌ترین عوامل مؤثر بر تمرکززدایی همچون جمعیت، توسعه اقتصادی، درآمد، هزینه، اندازه جغرافیایی، ساختار حکومت، ارائه خدمات، نیروی انسانی متخصص و میزان دسترسی به دانش و اطلاعات است و 50 شاخص جهت ارزیابی تمرکززدایی انتخاب گردیده است. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان می‌دهد که عدم مؤفقیت در تمرکززدایی را میتوان به ساختار حکومتی واحد، عدم واگذاری اختیارات به سطوح منطقه‌ای و محلی، عدم توجه به تمامی مناطق کشور، عدم توجه به ظرفیت‌ها و پتانسیل‌های موجود در سایر مناطق کشور و عدم برنامه‌ریزی منظم و اصولی دانست. بدین ترتیب، جهت یک نتیجه مثبت و موفقیت‌آمیز مستلزم تجزیه و تحلیل وضعیت، اولویت‌بندی موضوعات، ظرفیت سنجی، مشخص کردن اصلاحات، نقش‌ها و مسئولیت‌ها و تعیین ذینفعان است.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_9058_0536ce5538bc590fd41eb62201491e83.pdf

دانشگاه گیلان دانش شهرسازی 2645-5412 9 2 2025 08 23 Measuring the Impacts of Urban Green Infrastructure with a Climate-Sensitive Design Approach (Case Study: Gol Mohammadi Neighborhood, Isfahan) سنجش اثرات زیرساخت سبز شهری با رویکرد طراحی حساس به اقلیم (مطالعه موردی: محله گل محمدی اصفهان) 55 77 9059 10.22124/upk.2025.29226.1992 FA نیوشا تیمی دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد طراحی شهری، گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه شیراز، ایران 0009-0009-7569-8048 مهسا شعله دانشیار، گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه شیراز، ایران سهند لطفی دانشیار، گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه شیراز، ایران علیرضا صادقی دانشیار، گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه شیراز، ایران Journal Article 2024 12 11 Introduction: The growing vulnerability of urban environments and human settlements to changing climatic patterns necessitates transformative urban planning and design approaches. Among these approaches, using Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) as a pivotal tool for mitigating urban heat islands, enhancing public health, and improving thermal comfort has garnered significant attention. UGI, as an integral component of climate-sensitive urban design, serves to balance natural and built environments, promoting sustainable and energy-efficient urban spaces while safeguarding natural resources. This study examines the impact of UGI within the framework of climate-sensitive design, with a focus on the Gol Mohammadi neighborhood in Isfahan. By synthesizing conceptual insights and analyzing the microclimatic conditions of the area, the study evaluates the environmental benefits and functional efficiency of UGI interventions. Methodology: A comprehensive mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining qualitative urban design principles with quantitative assessments of UGI’s climatic effects. The study utilized ENVI-met software to simulate and analyze six distinct scenarios, each representing different configurations of UGI, such as variations in vegetation coverage and distribution. Logical reasoning and scenario development informed the synthesis of findings, while iterative simulations provided a robust basis for evaluating UGI’s impact on critical environmental indices, including temperature, wind speed, and mean radiant temperature. Optimized through comparative analysis, the final scenario was tested to offer actionable insights for integrating UGI into urban design frameworks. Results: The simulation outcomes reveal that UGI scenarios emphasizing increased tree coverage yielded the most substantial improvements in microclimatic conditions. Trees demonstrated a pronounced capacity for temperature reduction and thermal comfort enhancement, significantly mitigating urban heat island effects. Complementary strategies, such as green façades and green roofs, while slightly less effective than tree-based solutions, contributed meaningfully to the overall climatic performance of the neighborhood. The proposed optimal scenario combined strategically positioned trees, façades, and roofs, offering a synergistic model for maximizing UGI efficiency. Moreover, the findings facilitated the development of targeted strategies and policies to integrate UGI into sustainable urban design, ensuring adaptability to diverse climatic contexts. Discussion: The study categorized UGI applications into six scenarios to explore their impact on the neighborhood’s microclimate systematically: Scenario S0: No vegetation. Scenario SN: Existing vegetation. Scenario SG: Maximum tree coverage along streets and gardens. Scenario SF: Existing vegetation supplemented by 100% green façades. Scenario SR: Existing vegetation complemented by 100% green roofs. Scenario SS: Optimized design based on insights from previous scenarios. Comparative analyses of climatic factors indicated that Scenario SG, emphasizing tree coverage, achieved the most significant temperature reductions and enhanced wind flow, making it particularly effective for improving summer thermal comfort. The SF (green façade) and SR (green roof) scenarios also demonstrated measurable impacts, particularly in reducing localized heat buildup. These findings underscore the versatility of UGI in addressing urban climatic challenges, with each type of intervention offering unique advantages. Conclusion: This study underscores the transformative potential of UGI in fostering climate-sensitive urban environments. By leveraging advanced simulation techniques, it demonstrates that tree-based solutions significantly mitigate urban heat islands. At the same time, green façades and roofs complement these effects by enhancing energy efficiency and climatic resilience. The findings highlight the importance of integrating UGI into urban design frameworks to harmonize built environments with natural ecosystems. This alignment fosters sustainable urban growth, optimizes resource use, and enhances urban livability بیان بیان مسئله: آسیب‌پذیری انسان و محیط شهری در برابر تغییر در الگوهای اقلیمی باید با برنامه‌ریزی و طراحی مناسب فضاهای شهری کاهش یابد. در این زمینه، زیرساخت‌های‌سبز وسیله مهمی برای کاهش گرمای شهری و افزایش سلامت، رفاه و آسایش حرارتی در مناطق شهری است. هدف: هدف از این پژوهش سنجش اثرات زیرساخت سبز شهری با رویکرد طراحی حساس به اقلیم در محله گل محمدی اصفهان به‌عنوان نمونه مورد مطالعاتی است. در این راستا ضمن بازخوانی مفاهیم مرتبط با طراحی شهری حساس به اقلیم و نقش زیرساخت سبز شهری در آن، شرایط اقلیمی محدوده مورد مطالعه مورد بررسی قرار می گیرد تا بتوان اثرات زیرساخت سبز شهری را در شاخص های مرتبط مورد ارزیابی قرار داد. روش: در این پژوهش نقش شبیه‌سازی و تحلیل داده‌ها و سنجش با به‌کارگیری نرم‌افزار ENVI-met انجام‌ و جهت جمع‌بندی و نتیجه‌گیری تحقیق از استدلال منطقی بهره‌گرفته‌شده‌است. همچنین روند تحلیلی از طریق سناریونویسی و شبیه‌سازی آنها در نرم افزار شبیه‌ساز اقلیم انجام شده است تا بتوان به سناریوهای مختلف از زیرساخت سبز را مورد ارزیابی قرار داد. یافته‌ها: براساس داده‌های خروجی سناریو افزایش پوشش گیاهی با بیشترین تغییر در وضعیت خرد اقلیم محله و سپس سناریو نمای سبز و بام سبز با اختلافی جزیی در بهبود شرایط اقلیمی موثر بوده‌اند. نتیجه گیری: رویکرد زیرساخت سبز در راستای طراحی‌شهری حساس‌به اقلیم با بهبود پوشش گیاهی شهرها و سوق دادن آن‌ها به سمت اکوسیستم‌های طبیعی در تلاش برای رفع این مشکل است. این رویکرد در تلاش است شهرها را به عنوان جزیی از طبیعت و نه در مقابل طبیعت برنامه‌ریزی نماید.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_9059_9d296dd52ae0ad6ec0660c3671fecf4d.pdf

دانشگاه گیلان دانش شهرسازی 2645-5412 9 2 2025 08 23 Imagine ability, Image of city, Tourist destination, Social media analytics, Data mining, Rasht مطالعه تصویرآنلاین مقصدگردشگری شهر خلاق رشت با رویکرد متن‌کاوی 78 101 9060 10.22124/upk.2025.29375.1996 FA غزاله حیدری کارشناسی ارشد برنامه‌ریزی شهری، گروه شهرسازی دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران علی اکبر سالاری پور دانشیار، گروه شهرسازی دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران مهدی حسام دانشیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران Journal Article 2024 12 26 Introduction:The tourism destination image is a mental concept formed through the process of processing a large set of diverse informational sources, including beliefs, ideas, perceptions, and individual or group thoughts about a specific place, which develop over time. This is a crucial prelude to tourists' behavioral intentions toward a destination. In this regard, one of the important aspects of destination management is planning and developing its image, and conveying a desirable and positive image of the destination is of great significance. In recent years, with the development of internet technology, destination images have been created based on user-generated content about tourist destinations shared on social media platforms. This type of content operates beyond the efforts of destination marketing organizations. Therefore, valuable insights can be gained by focusing on various aspects of user behavior. Methodology: This research has a descriptive-analytical nature and is applied to its objective. In the first step of this study, data collection was conducted. Data collection was performed using two methods. In the first method, a systematic approach was employed, utilizing a web crawler programmed in the Python software, to collect data from Twitter. In the second method, without a systematic approach, textual data was collected manually by a human user from the user comments sections of the websites "Google Maps" and "TripAdvisor" regarding the city of Rasht. In the next step, preprocessing of the collected textual data was performed. After preprocessing and normalizing the textual data, they were prepared for the data mining process. Subsequently, data clustering was conducted using the unsupervised "K-means" algorithm. In this technique, using the elbow and silhouette evaluation methods, the optimal value for K was determined to be 3. Results: Based on the studies conducted in this research, the most important features shaping the tourism destination image-friendly and creative city of Rasht are grouped into three main clusters.Cluster 1 is the most significant and has received the most attention. Based on the most frequently mentioned words, this cluster is categorized into two subgroups: food and cuisine, and parks and gardens. Urban parks and gardens in Rasht, as unique environmental attractions, have been highly regarded by users and are viewed very positively. This potential can be leveraged to develop and enhance the city’s brand. The next most frequently mentioned cluster, Cluster 2, revolves around infrastructure, amenities, accommodation, and hotels. Hotel facilities, staff, and service quality are among the aspects frequently discussed by tourists on social media and the internet as key features of Rasht. However, accommodation and hotel services have received the highest number of negative reviews, indicating weaknesses in this area. To establish a standout image of Rasht as a destination, efforts must be made to improve infrastructure and public services, with a focus on accommodation and hospitality services. Cluster 3 ranks last in prominence. In this cluster, the Rasht Bazaar stands out as a key feature of the city’s image. It is described as a traditional market offering fresh and local products unique to the region. Another highlighted feature is the Municipality Square Complex, which has gained attention in online discussions about Rasht. The architectural style of the Municipality Square, the cultural pedestrian area extending to Sabzeh Meydan, and the proximity of the bazaar to the Municipality Square serve as major identity symbols of Rasht. These areas, characterized by their historical, cultural, and unique architectural features, attract diverse groups of visitors. The vibrant nightlife in the Municipality Square Complex is another notable aspect of its appeal, as perceived by social media users. Additionally, urban parks and gardens in Rasht are prominent in its online image. These open public spaces, enhanced by the city’s moderate climate, natural landscapes, and scenic views, offer unique experiences for tourists. Increasing the number of protected natural habitats within Rasht could serve as a potential strategy to enhance the city’s creative tourism development. Discussion: The image of a destination results from an evaluative process that is both objective and subjective. It is formed when tourists interact with and experience the destination’s urban environment after arriving. Since altering an established image is challenging, the destination image becomes a crucial and influential factor in shaping tourists' behavioral intentions toward the destination. Essentially, the destination image serves as an initial input for tourists, encompassing a range of diverse elements. Therefore, the image of a destination should reflect its positive, unique, and distinctive features while avoiding exaggeration beyond the destination's actual capacity and potential. Overpromising can lead to negative experiences for tourists upon arrival, ultimately resulting in a poor image. Thus, planning and managing the destination image of the creative city of Rasht should aim to maintain and enhance its positive and appealing features while addressing and resolving existing shortcomings. Based on the findings of this research, the destination image of Rasht in the digital space is shaped by its unique attractions, as well as its cultural, local, and identity-based features. The city's food culture, as an intangible heritage, plays a central role in this context. The destination image of Rasht, as presented online, aligns with its global branding as a UNESCO Creative City of Gastronomy. The emphasis on food, cuisine, and the Rasht Bazaar—primarily associated with the produce and fish markets—underscores this alignment. Overall, the results of this study indicate a relatively positive image of Rasht as a creative city for tourism. In addition to examining the structure of Rasht’s destination image as a case study, this research proposes a methodological framework for analyzing big data from social media related to urban tourism. بیان مسئله: شهر رشت یک مقصد مهم گردشگری شهری در استان گیلان و شمال ایران است. وجود جاذبه‌های متنوع گردشگری در همجواری این شهر، باعث شده تا شهر رشت اولویت اول گردشگران نباشد. این شهر با سایر مقاصد گردشگری روستایی و شهری هم جوار خود در رقابت برای جذب هرچه بیشتر گردشگران و حفظ آنان است. در این راستا مطالعه و به تصویر کشیدن تصویر مقصد گردشگری شهری از منظر ادراک گردشگران مورد توجه است. هدف: تصویر مقصد گردشگری مقدمه اصلی نیات رفتاری گردشگران است. یکی از جنبه‌های مهم مدیریت مقصد گردشگرپذیر شهر خلاق رشت، برنامه‌ریزی و توسعه تصویر آن است. این پژوهش با هدف گسترش و ارتقا گردشگری شهر رشت به مطالعه تصویر آنلاین شهر گردشگرپذیر و خلاق رشت، شناسایی ویژگی‌های برجسته و ارزیابی کیفیت، از دیدگاه کاربران در اینترنت و رسانه‌های اجتماعی می‌باشد. روش: روش مورد استفاده در این پژوهش در دسته‌ی مطالعات کیفی قرار می‌گیرد. این پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی است و از نظر هدف کاربردی است. در این پژوهش از روش متن کاوی، با استفاده از الگوریتم بدون نظارت «K-means» خوشه‌بندی شده‌است و مقدار K بهینه با استفاده از تکنیک‌های elbow و silhouette بدست آمده‌است. یافته‌ها: ویژگی‌های سازنده تصویر مقصد شهر گردشگر پذیر و خلاق رشت در سه خوشه کلی قرار گرفته‌است و در عنوان‌های غذا و خوراک، مجموعه میدان شهرداری، باغ‌های شهری و پارک‌ها و خدمات اقامتگاهی و رفاهی دسته‌بندی شده‌است. همچنین 88 درصد از محتوای ارائه شده در اینترنت از شهر رشت مثبت، 10 درصد منفی و 2 درصد دیگر خنثی تصور شده‌است. بنابراین تصویر مقصد گردشگری شهری رشت را مثبت تصور کرده‌اند. نتیجه‌گیری: در مجموع نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان دهنده‌ی یک تصویر نسبتا مثبت درباره گردشگری شهر خلاق رشت است. در کنار بررسی و مطالعه ساختار تصویر مقصد گردشگری شهر خلاق رشت به عنوان نمونه مورد مطالعه، در این پژوهش یک چارچوب روش‌شناختی تحلیل کلان داده رسانه‌های اجتماعی در خصوص گردشگری شهری ارائه شده است.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_9060_78231c5885bb610059308c825e662db0.pdf

دانشگاه گیلان دانش شهرسازی 2645-5412 9 2 2025 08 23 A Reflection on the Women-Friendly City in Recreational Spaces with an Emphasis on the Right to the City Theory Approach (Example: Velayat Park Women's Park) تأملی بر شهر دوستدار زنان در فضاهای تفریحی با تأکید بر رویکرد نظریه حق به شهر (مطالعه موردی: پارک بانوان بوستان ولایت) 102 118 9061 10.22124/upk.2025.29606.2008 FA سلمان مرادی استادیار گروه شهرسازی، واحد تهران جنوب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران سمیه تیموری دانش‌آموخته دکترای برنامه‌ریزی شهری دانشگاه خوارزمی؛ مدرس، گروه شهرسازی، واحد تهران جنوب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2025 01 25 Introduction: Numerous studies in the field of urban planning and design show that women have more and closer relationships with urban environments than men in urban spaces and spend a lot of time outside the home. Therefore, women, as half of the users of urban spaces, should be able to use the spaces easily and feel comfortable, just like men, but studies show that women do not benefit from urban spaces in the same way as men. Among the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, achieving gender equality and empowering women is central. Achieving this can lead to sustainable economies, peaceful societies, and overall sustainable development. Across the world, women’s participation in the workforce is gradually increasing. Future trends indicate that the world is moving towards a future with a feminine approach. Therefore, with this concept, the role and influence of women in societies will increase. The present study attempts to examine Velayat Park in District 19 of Tehran Municipality, which houses a wide range of women from various social groups and is an area specifically for women with diverse facilities and services, with an emphasis on the theory of the right to the city. In line with the above-mentioned material, the main research question is formulated as follows: What are the factors affecting a women-friendly city with the approach of the theory of the right to the city in recreational spaces? Methodology: The present study is developmental research with a mixed method (quantitative-qualitative). In the qualitative part, the research indicators were extracted using the content analysis method, and these indicators were provided to organizational experts (30 people with higher education) in the form of a questionnaire. The results of the qualitative questionnaire were converted into a quantitative questionnaire, which was distributed among the population using the park and the residents of the neighborhood (the statistical population of the study was 100 people from the population using the park and the residents of the neighborhood, and the sample size in the quantitative section was determined using the Creighton Morgan table, and 80 people from the population using the park and the residents of the neighborhood were selected as the sample size). The research method in the qualitative part was conducted using a purposeful and judgmental method and in the quantitative part, using a simple random method. The right to the city is the legal right of every citizen to use the city and the space allocated to him, which causes the city to belong to the citizen and participate in urban affairs. According to Lefebvre's theories, it can be said that by using the cyclical rhythm, it is possible to restore justice to society and to intervene in daily life events with the participation of citizens. There have been numerous theories and research on the theories of the right to the city and gender justice, from which numerous components and indicators can be extracted. Results: The construct validity method was used to measure the validity of the questionnaires. In this method, confirmatory factor analysis of the variables is measured using Lisrel software. Accordingly, if the significant coefficients presented in the diagram for each item are not between the numerical ranges of +1.96 and -1.96, it indicates the significance and confirmation of the construct validity of the questionnaire. The results of the first and second order confirmatory factor analysis show that the variability of a women-friendly city is significant. Considering the significant coefficients obtained from the number (1.96) are larger, the results indicate that the construct validity of the women-friendly city questionnaire is confirmed. Also, if the RMSEA is less than 0.1 and the statistics used for goodness of fit such as CFI, NFI, IFI, RFI, etc. are greater than 0.9, it can be concluded that the model has a good fit. Discussion: Since the RMSEA is 0.069, which is less than 0.1, and the CFI, NFI, IFI, and RFI indices are greater than 0.9, it can be concluded that the model has a good fit and the items in this questionnaire are well capable of measuring a women-friendly city. Most cities in the world are designed by men for men, which has posed many security challenges and inequality for women; improving urban design can bring better conditions for women. Conclusion: In the present study, the construct validity method was used to measure the validity of the questionnaires. In this method, using Lisrel software, confirmatory factor analysis of the variables indicated that they were meaningful and confirmed the construct validity of the questionnaires. Results. The results of the first and second order confirmatory factor analysis of the women-friendly city variable in Figures 4 and 5 showed significant coefficients of (1.96), which indicated that the construct validity of the women-friendly city questionnaire was confirmed. Considering the statistics used for goodness of fit such as CFI, NFI, IFI, RFI, etc. were greater than 0.9, it can be inferred that the model has a good fit. Since RMSEA is 0.069 (Table 4), which is less than 0.1, and the CFI, NFI, IFI, and RFI indices are greater than 0.9, it can be inferred that the model has a good fit and the items in this questionnaire are well capable of measuring women-friendly cities with a right-to-city approach. بیان مسئله: یکی از پیش‌شرط‌های تکوین فضاهای عمومی به‌ویژه حق انسانی هر فرد در جهت برخورداری از فرصت‌های ارائه شده است که با عنوان نظریه حق به شهر شناخته می‌شود. حضور زنان در فضاهای عمومی شهر نیز از این مقوله مستثنا نیست، بلکه بازتعریف خلق زندگی بهتر و پاسخ به نیازهای انسانی می‌باشد. هدف: هدف پژوهش حاضر تحلیل شهر دوستدار زنان در بوستان ولایت با رویکرد نظریه حق به شهر است. روش: روش پژوهش حاضر توسعهای با روشی آمیخته (کمی-کیفی) است که با استفاده از پرسشنامه‌ای محقق ساخته و مصاحبه ساختاریافته با خبرگان و متخصصان حیطه امور شهری انجام شده است. در راستای سنجش روایی پرسشنامه‌ها از روش روایی سازه استفاده شده است. در این روش با استفاده از نرمافزار لیزرل، تحلیل عاملی تأییدی متغیرها مورداندازه‌گیری قرارگرفته است. یافته‌ها: نتایج حاصل از پژوهش که ابتدا استخراج شاخص‌های پژوهش از طریق مطالعه پژوهش‌های کار شده با استفاده از تحلیل محتوا و تائید از طرف کارشناسان و خبرگان سازمانی بود و سپس نتایج در قالب پرسشنامه بهصورت کمی مطرح شد و با استفاده از تحلیل عاملی تأییدی مرتبه اول و دوم متغیر شهر دوستدار زنان ضرایب معناداری عدد (96/1) را به ‌دست داد که نتایج فوق نشان‌دهنده تائید روایی سازه پرسشنامه شهر دوستدار زنان است. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به آماره‌های مورداستفاده برای نیکویی برازش از قبیل CFI، NFI، IFI، RFI و ... بزرگ‌تر از 9/0 بود که میتوان این‌گونه استنباط کرد که مدل تحقیق از برازش مناسبی برخوردار است. ازآنجایی‌که RMSEA برابر با 069/0 می‌باشد و این مقدار، کوچک‌تر از 1/0 است نشان میدهد که گویه‌های پرسشنامه به‌خوبی، قابلیت سنجش شهر دوستدار زنان را با رویکرد حق به شهر را دارند. نگاهی کلگرایانه و بازنگری در الگوی طراحی شهرهای سنتی، بسترسازی برای مشارکت زنان در فضاهای عمومی شهر، به‌عنوان راهکاری مهم قلمداد می شود.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_9061_516e2397dabdf5640e3684fd611185b1.pdf

دانشگاه گیلان دانش شهرسازی 2645-5412 9 2 2025 08 23 An Interpretation of the Patterns of Urban Space Reproduction Using Discourse Analysis (case study: Lalehzar Street) تفسیری بر الگوی بازتولید فضاهای شهری بر پایه‌ی روش تحلیل گفتمان ؛ (نمونه‌ی موردی: خیابان لاله‌زار) 119 139 9066 10.22124/upk.2025.28877.1986 FA مهساl ساسانفر دانشجوی دکتری گروه شهرسازی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران محمود رضایی دانشیار گروه معماری، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران واراز مرادی مسیحی استادیار گروه شهرسازی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2024 11 17 Introduction : The current research will aim to answer this question: How can capital reproduction be interested in the historical contexts of the city, especially Lalehzar Street in Tehran, from the Safavid period until the Islamic Republic? Various components are involved in the spatial reproduction pattern. The complexity of this issue is increased when the diverse impact of these components is taken into account in terms of activism and their numerous behavioral characteristics. Depending on the position of the designer and the participation of others, the spectrum of activism varies from spontaneous, relative, interactive, multiplicative, or popular to aggressive, absolute, and elitist. The agency may also sometimes revolve around the power or its center, which still has a different impact on space reproduction. Since there are a variety of layers, capacities, and solutions to the reproduction of urban space through a variety of discourses and narratives, the analysis of discourse in architecture and urban planning as a research method in these areas has been neglected. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to find a new way of producing space and its use in urban planning. Methodology: This study will try to collect rich insights and mental meanings. It will also focus on a variety of discourse. As a result, the present study is more of a theoretical approach. The discourses of different periods of urban space reproduction will be examined with the best explanation. As mentioned, the focus of the present study is on a variety of discourse, and hence the study is qualitative and multiple. Results: The main components of space were recognized by politics, power, and capital. The main component of power consists of (modernism, national territory, governance, urban planning, democratic approach) and has a more central trajectory. the political component encompasses structures such as (community, culture, political developments, and elements of gender). The component of capital (economics, knowledge, art, collective and collective memories) is related to the first component, and all three can change from the periphery to the periphery, leading to new reproduction. In this struggle, the city’s public space changes. The main concepts that generally affect space and the reproduction of space are three codes (open, pivotal, and selected): power, politics, and capital. The findings suggest that the productive pattern, with varying degrees of the intertwining of historical events, has been “located-germ” with more main components with “spontaneous-invasive” and “peripheral-central” reproduction capability Conclusion: The interviewing of historical events of varying degrees factor in creating urban space that identifies the location-germ. the spatial components of politics, power, and capital are the main actors who are recognizable and act in the range of “spontaneous-invasive” to “aggressive” and “planning” depending on which component operates in the more central or peripheral secretary, the amount of this activism is still variable. therefore, the factors provide a variety of alternatives to spatial reproduction to the proportion of action and character. بیان مسئله: بازتولید فضایی در شهرها، فرآیندی پیچیده و چند لایه است که در نتیجه‌ی کنش متقابل سه عامل کلیدی شکل می‌گیرد: عاملیت مکان-رویداد، کنشگری و منش. این سه عامل در بسترهای تاریخی و گفتمانی، بر چگونگی تولید، سازماندهی و معناپردازی فضا اثر‌گذارند. خیابان لاله‌زار تهران، به عنوان یکی از نخستین خیابان‌های مدرن ایران، طی چهار دوره‌ی تاریخی صفویه، قاجار، پهلوی و جمهوری اسلامی، بستر ظهور گفتمان‌ها، کنشگران و عملکردهای متنوعی بوده و از این حیث نمونه‌ای ممتاز برای مطالعه‌ی بازتولید فضا بشمار می‌رود. اگرچه پژوهش‌های پیشین عمدتا بر ابعاد کالبدی، سیاستگذاری یا زیبایی‌شناسانه‌ی این خیابان تمرکز داشته‌اند، اما تحلیل پیوند میان گفتمان‌های تاریخی، کنش فضایی و لایه‌های معنایی کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. پژوهش حاضر با تلفیق چارچوب مفهومی «مکان-رویداد» و روش تحلیل گفتمان، کوشیده است رویکردی میان رشته‌ای برای تبیین فرآیندهای بازتولید فضایی ارائه دهد. روش: پژوهش با رویکرد کیفی و به کمک تحلیل گفتمان و تحلیل محتوای کیفی استقرایی انجام شده است. خیابان لاله زار در چهار دوره‌ی تاریخی با استفاده از منابع نوشتاری، دیداری و نقشه‌ها، در سه سطح انتزاعی (کدهای باز، محوری، منتخب) کدگذاری و تحلیل شده است. یافته‌ها: سه مولفه‌ی قدرت، سیاست و سرمایه، در پیوند با طیف کنشگری (خودجوش تا تهاجمی)، منش (پیرامونی تا مرکزی)، و عاملیت مکان-رویداد، الگوهای متنوعی از بازتولید فضایی را در خیابان لاله‌زار شکل داده اند. نتیجه گیری: مولفه‌های اصلی فضا سیاست، قدرت و سرمایه تشخیص داده شده‌اند. مولفه‌ی اصلی قدرت است که منشی مرکزی‌تر دارد. مولفه‌ی سیاست با مولفه‌ی سرمایه پیرامونی‌تر از مولفه‌ی اول بوده و هر سه می‌توانند با تغییر منش از پیرامونی به مرکزی اولویت دهنده‌ی عاملیت‌‌ها شده و منجر به بازتولیدی نوین شوند. در این کشاکش فضای عمومی-خصوصی شهر تغییر می‌کند.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_9066_41d8cd5dae840249c883df50f529509b.pdf