University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 9 3 2025 09 23 Redefining the Cycle of Underdevelopment of Small Iranian Cities (A Grounded Theory approach) Redefining the Cycle of Underdevelopment of Small Iranian Cities (A Grounded Theory approach) 1 23 9252 10.22124/upk.2025.31382.2053 FA Mahdi Bornafar Assistant Professor of the Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Journal Article 2025 08 14 Introduction: Globally, urbanization trends forecast that by 2050 nearly 68% of the world population will live in urban areas, intensifying pressures on cities and heightening the vulnerability of smaller urban systems (Sharma et al., 2025). Simultaneously, small cities play a critical role in regional balance by absorbing rural migration, preserving local culture, and enabling sustainable development patterns. Despite their importance, small cities struggle with endogenous and exogenous barriers, including weak governance, poor infrastructure, shrinking financial resources, and the adverse impacts of climate change such as drought, water scarcity, and environmental degradation (Diaz et al., 2024; Sassenou et al., 2024). Small Iranian cities face complex development challenges that have received limited scholarly attention compared to larger urban centers. These challenges necessitate a grounded, evidence-based exploration of their development dynamics to inform appropriate interventions. This study aims to redefine the underdevelopment cycle of small cities in Iran through a qualitative grounded theory approach, yielding insights into the structural conditions, causal factors, consequences, and strategic solutions relevant to these urban contexts. Methodology: This research employs a qualitative methodology based on grounded theory to develop a context-sensitive conceptual model. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 16 regional planning specialists who hold extensive academic and professional experience. The experts' backgrounds span academia, municipal administration, urban planning, and regional development, ensuring a broad perspective on small city challenges. Interviews explored themes including economic structure, governance, infrastructure, social dynamics, environmental conditions, and development strategies. The collected data were rigorously analyzed using MAXQDA software through an iterative three-level coding process: open coding to identify initial concepts, axial coding to relate categories and subcategories, and selective coding to refine core themes and theoretical constructs. This systematic approach enabled the emergence of a grounded theoretical framework that depicts the underdevelopment cycle holistically, capturing the nuanced interplay among environmental, economic, institutional, and socio-cultural factors. Results: The findings reveal a complex, multidimensional underdevelopment cycle centered on economic vulnerability, environmental degradation, governance weaknesses, and socio-cultural declines. Economic Vulnerabilities: Most small cities show a deep reliance on mono-product agricultural economies, predominantly traditional and low-technology farming, which limits economic diversification. Agricultural productivity is severely affected by climatic factors such as drought, irregular rainfall, and water scarcity, as well as by structural issues like land fragmentation resulting from inheritance practices. These challenges reduce income stability, drive outmigration, increase dependence on imports, and limit reinvestment in local economies. The scarcity of alternative economic opportunities, such as industrial or service sector activities, heightens the economic fragility. Environmental Challenges: Environmental degradation, including soil erosion, pollution, depletion of water resources, and habitat loss, emerges as a major developmental bottleneck. Traditional agricultural techniques exacerbate ecological pressures, while climate change impacts intensify environmental stresses on already vulnerable ecosystems. This environmental fragility diminishes the natural resource base, critical for sustainable agricultural production and human settlement. Governance Deficiencies: A pervasive lack of specialized urban planning and managerial capacity limits municipalities’ ability to strategically plan and manage development. Municipalities suffer from unstable and inadequate financial resources, leading to dependency on unsustainable and irregular income streams. Centralized governance models prioritize larger cities, often diverting investment and policy attention away from small towns. Infrastructure (particularly public utilities, transportation, healthcare, and digital connectivity) remains underdeveloped and poorly maintained, restricting quality of life improvements and economic dynamism. Socio-Demographic Shifts: Youth outmigration towards larger urban centers is driven by lack of employment, education, and social opportunities. The rising proportion of the elderly population along with shrinking birth rates contributes to workforce shortages. Demographic decline diminishes social networks, weakens community participation, and undermines cultural continuity. The loss of young and skilled populations aggravates economic decline and slows innovation. Discussion: Consequences of the Underdevelopment Cycle can be explained as the interlocking effects result in population shrinkage, exacerbating the contraction of demand for goods, services, and social infrastructure. Economic collapse is evident in declining entrepreneurial activities, loss of investment, and persistence of low-value traditional agriculture. Cultural erosion leads to the fading of local identities, traditions, and social capital, impacting social cohesion. Environmental degradation continues unchecked, reducing resilience and further undermining the city’s ecological and economic foundations. The findings collectively illustrate a self-reinforcing cycle of underdevelopment where economic, social, governance, and environmental challenges mutually reinforce one another, making it difficult for small cities to escape this downward spiral. Conclusion: This study offers a rigorously grounded conceptual model capturing the cyclical nature of underdevelopment in small Iranian cities. By highlighting the multi-causal roots and proposing multi-sectoral strategies, it provides a roadmap for policymakers, planners, and stakeholders to foster sustainable transformation. Addressing these challenges will require coordinated multi-level governance, long-term commitment, capacity enhancement, and the harnessing of technological and cultural potentials within these small yet significant urban centers. Introduction: Globally, urbanization trends forecast that by 2050 nearly 68% of the world population will live in urban areas, intensifying pressures on cities and heightening the vulnerability of smaller urban systems (Sharma et al., 2025). Simultaneously, small cities play a critical role in regional balance by absorbing rural migration, preserving local culture, and enabling sustainable development patterns. Despite their importance, small cities struggle with endogenous and exogenous barriers, including weak governance, poor infrastructure, shrinking financial resources, and the adverse impacts of climate change such as drought, water scarcity, and environmental degradation (Diaz et al., 2024; Sassenou et al., 2024). Small Iranian cities face complex development challenges that have received limited scholarly attention compared to larger urban centers. These challenges necessitate a grounded, evidence-based exploration of their development dynamics to inform appropriate interventions. This study aims to redefine the underdevelopment cycle of small cities in Iran through a qualitative grounded theory approach, yielding insights into the structural conditions, causal factors, consequences, and strategic solutions relevant to these urban contexts. Methodology: This research employs a qualitative methodology based on grounded theory to develop a context-sensitive conceptual model. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 16 regional planning specialists who hold extensive academic and professional experience. The experts' backgrounds span academia, municipal administration, urban planning, and regional development, ensuring a broad perspective on small city challenges. Interviews explored themes including economic structure, governance, infrastructure, social dynamics, environmental conditions, and development strategies. The collected data were rigorously analyzed using MAXQDA software through an iterative three-level coding process: open coding to identify initial concepts, axial coding to relate categories and subcategories, and selective coding to refine core themes and theoretical constructs. This systematic approach enabled the emergence of a grounded theoretical framework that depicts the underdevelopment cycle holistically, capturing the nuanced interplay among environmental, economic, institutional, and socio-cultural factors. Results: The findings reveal a complex, multidimensional underdevelopment cycle centered on economic vulnerability, environmental degradation, governance weaknesses, and socio-cultural declines. Economic Vulnerabilities: Most small cities show a deep reliance on mono-product agricultural economies, predominantly traditional and low-technology farming, which limits economic diversification. Agricultural productivity is severely affected by climatic factors such as drought, irregular rainfall, and water scarcity, as well as by structural issues like land fragmentation resulting from inheritance practices. These challenges reduce income stability, drive outmigration, increase dependence on imports, and limit reinvestment in local economies. The scarcity of alternative economic opportunities, such as industrial or service sector activities, heightens the economic fragility. Environmental Challenges: Environmental degradation, including soil erosion, pollution, depletion of water resources, and habitat loss, emerges as a major developmental bottleneck. Traditional agricultural techniques exacerbate ecological pressures, while climate change impacts intensify environmental stresses on already vulnerable ecosystems. This environmental fragility diminishes the natural resource base, critical for sustainable agricultural production and human settlement. Governance Deficiencies: A pervasive lack of specialized urban planning and managerial capacity limits municipalities’ ability to strategically plan and manage development. Municipalities suffer from unstable and inadequate financial resources, leading to dependency on unsustainable and irregular income streams. Centralized governance models prioritize larger cities, often diverting investment and policy attention away from small towns. Infrastructure (particularly public utilities, transportation, healthcare, and digital connectivity) remains underdeveloped and poorly maintained, restricting quality of life improvements and economic dynamism. Socio-Demographic Shifts: Youth outmigration towards larger urban centers is driven by lack of employment, education, and social opportunities. The rising proportion of the elderly population along with shrinking birth rates contributes to workforce shortages. Demographic decline diminishes social networks, weakens community participation, and undermines cultural continuity. The loss of young and skilled populations aggravates economic decline and slows innovation. Discussion: Consequences of the Underdevelopment Cycle can be explained as the interlocking effects result in population shrinkage, exacerbating the contraction of demand for goods, services, and social infrastructure. Economic collapse is evident in declining entrepreneurial activities, loss of investment, and persistence of low-value traditional agriculture. Cultural erosion leads to the fading of local identities, traditions, and social capital, impacting social cohesion. Environmental degradation continues unchecked, reducing resilience and further undermining the city’s ecological and economic foundations. The findings collectively illustrate a self-reinforcing cycle of underdevelopment where economic, social, governance, and environmental challenges mutually reinforce one another, making it difficult for small cities to escape this downward spiral. Conclusion: This study offers a rigorously grounded conceptual model capturing the cyclical nature of underdevelopment in small Iranian cities. By highlighting the multi-causal roots and proposing multi-sectoral strategies, it provides a roadmap for policymakers, planners, and stakeholders to foster sustainable transformation. Addressing these challenges will require coordinated multi-level governance, long-term commitment, capacity enhancement, and the harnessing of technological and cultural potentials within these small yet significant urban centers.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_9252_37463215e4d58b388ad8135c0a5613f0.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 9 3 2025 09 23 Design Strategies in the City of Rasht; Using the Historical Architectural Principles Design Strategies in the City of Rasht; Using the Historical Architectural Principles 24 47 9251 10.22124/upk.2025.30445.2025 FA Hamed Mohammadi Khoshbin Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture &amp; Art, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Alireza Anisi Associate Professor, Faculty member of research institute of cultural heritage and tourism, Tehran, Iran Alireza Gholinejad Pirbazari Assistant Professor, Faculty member of research institute of cultural heritage and tourism, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 04 20 Introduction: Identity, continuity of architectural ideas, and beauty of buildings and urban textures can come from the connection between the past and the present. Whereas failure to pay attention to the past, in addition to heterogeneity and the gradual loss of the identity of the cities, will also result in cultural incompatibility. Historical and vernacular architecture in any place has developed in lockstep with the natural and constructed environment around it over time. New constructions without proper planning in any region and especially in the historical context can cause serious damage to the existing architectural values. The use of historical architectural elements and features in the design and construction of contemporary architectural buildings in a new way can lead to proper cohesion and continuity in the urban context. The purpose of this research is to develop and present design strategies in Rasht city using historical architecture principles. The research questions can be formulated as follows: How are design strategies developed and presented for a specific region - in this study, the city of Rasht? When formulating and codification design strategies, it must be noted that architectural buildings are not universal or generic subjects, but rather are dependent on their environment. Consequently, to scientifically derive architectural principles and develop corresponding design solutions, a specific region must be studied - in this research, the city of Rasht in Guilan Province serves as the study context. Methodology: In the theoretical section (literature review), this research employs an analytical-descriptive method to develop its conceptual framework. By examining key study concepts—including architectural strategies, historical architecture, and design principles—along with an analysis of relevant regulations and guidelines, it identifies the critical factors influencing the formulation of design strategies. In the second phase, the identified factors were utilized to develop research strategies within the Rasht city as the study. Architectural principles were systematically extracted from the examined cases (Rasht’s historical buildings). This research investigates 15 public-use historical buildings constructed during both the Qajar and early Pahlavi periods. In historical building studies, the classification and identification of recurrent components coupled with systematic analysis of physical components enable the derivation of historical architectural principles and patterns. The enumeration of these shared characteristics plays a pivotal role in extracting the architectural patterns of Rasht's historic urban fabric. In the third phase, design strategies in Rasht are presented based on architectural principles derived from the study of the historical architecture. Results: To collect research data through a survey and field study, in the first phase of the research, 15 historical buildings were examined, and their physical components were evaluated. At this stage, the architectural features of the buildings, as well as the facades of the historical structures, were analyzed in two sections. Based on the principles and rules derived from the historical architecture of Rasht, in the second phase of the research, design strategies for the city of Rasht were presented in two sections: a) Structure and general architectural features of the building, including: Overall form of the building Building placement on the site Size Roof b) Architectural building facades, including: Veranda (Iwan) Entrance Openings (windows and doors) Wall surface (façade) Decorations Based on the aggregated data, the architectural features of Rasht's historic buildings can be summarized as follows: Site-planning relationship between building placement and historical urban context Predominant elongated cuboid form Typical two-story height (occasionally three stories) Exterior cladding materials including wood and metal The proposed strategies address: Visual impact through historically informed design interventions Exterior envelope treatments prioritizing heritage legibility Conclusion: The findings showed that Rasht's historical buildings have specific physical components in size, height and location in site. The use of semi-open spaces (porches) as one of the main characteristics of the building with various shapes and styles and different functions plays an important role in the formation of the exterior façade of the building. The variety of surfaces to create visual richness, various openings and ornaments are façade’s distinctive features. These principles were used in design strategies in the city of Rasht. Introduction: Identity, continuity of architectural ideas, and beauty of buildings and urban textures can come from the connection between the past and the present. Whereas failure to pay attention to the past, in addition to heterogeneity and the gradual loss of the identity of the cities, will also result in cultural incompatibility. Historical and vernacular architecture in any place has developed in lockstep with the natural and constructed environment around it over time. New constructions without proper planning in any region and especially in the historical context can cause serious damage to the existing architectural values. The use of historical architectural elements and features in the design and construction of contemporary architectural buildings in a new way can lead to proper cohesion and continuity in the urban context. The purpose of this research is to develop and present design strategies in Rasht city using historical architecture principles. The research questions can be formulated as follows: How are design strategies developed and presented for a specific region - in this study, the city of Rasht? When formulating and codification design strategies, it must be noted that architectural buildings are not universal or generic subjects, but rather are dependent on their environment. Consequently, to scientifically derive architectural principles and develop corresponding design solutions, a specific region must be studied - in this research, the city of Rasht in Guilan Province serves as the study context. Methodology: In the theoretical section (literature review), this research employs an analytical-descriptive method to develop its conceptual framework. By examining key study concepts—including architectural strategies, historical architecture, and design principles—along with an analysis of relevant regulations and guidelines, it identifies the critical factors influencing the formulation of design strategies. In the second phase, the identified factors were utilized to develop research strategies within the Rasht city as the study. Architectural principles were systematically extracted from the examined cases (Rasht’s historical buildings). This research investigates 15 public-use historical buildings constructed during both the Qajar and early Pahlavi periods. In historical building studies, the classification and identification of recurrent components coupled with systematic analysis of physical components enable the derivation of historical architectural principles and patterns. The enumeration of these shared characteristics plays a pivotal role in extracting the architectural patterns of Rasht's historic urban fabric. In the third phase, design strategies in Rasht are presented based on architectural principles derived from the study of the historical architecture. Results: To collect research data through a survey and field study, in the first phase of the research, 15 historical buildings were examined, and their physical components were evaluated. At this stage, the architectural features of the buildings, as well as the facades of the historical structures, were analyzed in two sections. Based on the principles and rules derived from the historical architecture of Rasht, in the second phase of the research, design strategies for the city of Rasht were presented in two sections: a) Structure and general architectural features of the building, including: Overall form of the building Building placement on the site Size Roof b) Architectural building facades, including: Veranda (Iwan) Entrance Openings (windows and doors) Wall surface (façade) Decorations Based on the aggregated data, the architectural features of Rasht's historic buildings can be summarized as follows: Site-planning relationship between building placement and historical urban context Predominant elongated cuboid form Typical two-story height (occasionally three stories) Exterior cladding materials including wood and metal The proposed strategies address: Visual impact through historically informed design interventions Exterior envelope treatments prioritizing heritage legibility Conclusion: The findings showed that Rasht's historical buildings have specific physical components in size, height and location in site. The use of semi-open spaces (porches) as one of the main characteristics of the building with various shapes and styles and different functions plays an important role in the formation of the exterior façade of the building. The variety of surfaces to create visual richness, various openings and ornaments are façade’s distinctive features. These principles were used in design strategies in the city of Rasht.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_9251_04f3d96ec671181fb508e8983407f6b1.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 9 3 2025 09 23 From Lost Spaces to Urban Places: Place Regeneration Using a Multilayered Analysis (Case Study: Rasht District 4) From Lost Spaces to Urban Places: Place Regeneration Using a Multilayered Analysis (Case Study: Rasht District 4) 48 74 9253 10.22124/upk.2025.31513.2059 FA Esmat Paikan Assistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Art, The University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Mina Mohammadniya Faculty of Architecture and Art, The University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Journal Article 2025 04 20 Introduction: Urban areas in many Iranian cities, including Rasht, contain neglected or underutilized sites that are spatially fragmented, functionally obsolete, or experientially disconnected from everyday urban life. These voids—referred to as lost spaces—represent a critical challenge for urban design and planning, as they undermine social vitality, environmental quality, and place identity. This study explores the phenomenon of lost spaces in District 4 of Rasht, aiming to: Identify and classify the types of lost spaces present; Examine the multilayered physical, functional, and perceptual factors leading to their formation; Extract key place-making components for their transformation; and Propose an integrated conceptual framework to guide design, planning, and management interventions. Methodology: In this research, a mixed, multilayer methodology was adopted, combining morphological analysis, space-syntax analysis, and perceptual–social assessment: Morphological Analysis – Sixteen form–ground indicators (built-to-void ratio, block size and shape, frontage continuity, building height, permeability, etc.) were measured via GIS mapping and field surveys. The indicators were used to create a nine-type morphological classification of the study area, highlighting sectors with structural deficits that may foster lost spaces. Space-Syntax Analysis – The street network was analyzed using DepthmapX with segment analysis (R=15) to evaluate spatial accessibility and integration. Core indices—Mean Depth, Integration (HH), Connectivity, and Control—were mapped to identify network discontinuities and low-movement corridors associated with spatial marginalization. Perceptual–Social Assessment – Twenty-seven semi-structured interviews and mental mapping exercises were conducted with residents and experts. Thematic coding (778 initial codes, 34 secondary themes) yielded 10 principal place-making components and revealed 26 underlying factors—spanning physical-spatial, functional, and socio-perceptual dimensions—contributing to spatial “lostness.” Data from all three layers were cross-referenced to build a comprehensive typology of lost spaces and to formulate context-based place-making strategies. Results: The morphological analysis revealed substantial variation across the district, with built-to-void ratios ranging from highly porous fabrics with fragmented plots to dense, fine-grained blocks. Nine distinct morphological types were identified. Lost spaces were predominantly associated with irregularly shaped blocks, low enclosure ratios, discontinuous frontages, and large vacant plots that disrupt urban coherence and pedestrian permeability. Discussion: The findings of this research reveal that lost spaces in District 4 of Rasht are complex urban phenomena, shaped by overlapping physical, functional, and socio-perceptual deficiencies. The discussion is organized around three major themes: the typology of lost spaces, the underlying causes and contributing factors, and the place-making components and strategic approaches that can guide their transformation. Conclusion: By integrating morphological, spatial-network, and perceptual-social perspectives, this study provides a robust conceptual framework for regenerating lost spaces into vibrant, meaningful places. The framework connects typology, causal diagnosis, place-making components, and strategic interventions, offering a transferable tool for urban designers and planners seeking to revive underused urban fragments across Iranian cities and beyond. Acknowledgment: The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of local residents and experts who participated in interviews and mental mapping exercises. Introduction: Urban areas in many Iranian cities, including Rasht, contain neglected or underutilized sites that are spatially fragmented, functionally obsolete, or experientially disconnected from everyday urban life. These voids—referred to as lost spaces—represent a critical challenge for urban design and planning, as they undermine social vitality, environmental quality, and place identity. This study explores the phenomenon of lost spaces in District 4 of Rasht, aiming to: Identify and classify the types of lost spaces present; Examine the multilayered physical, functional, and perceptual factors leading to their formation; Extract key place-making components for their transformation; and Propose an integrated conceptual framework to guide design, planning, and management interventions. Methodology: In this research, a mixed, multilayer methodology was adopted, combining morphological analysis, space-syntax analysis, and perceptual–social assessment: Morphological Analysis – Sixteen form–ground indicators (built-to-void ratio, block size and shape, frontage continuity, building height, permeability, etc.) were measured via GIS mapping and field surveys. The indicators were used to create a nine-type morphological classification of the study area, highlighting sectors with structural deficits that may foster lost spaces. Space-Syntax Analysis – The street network was analyzed using DepthmapX with segment analysis (R=15) to evaluate spatial accessibility and integration. Core indices—Mean Depth, Integration (HH), Connectivity, and Control—were mapped to identify network discontinuities and low-movement corridors associated with spatial marginalization. Perceptual–Social Assessment – Twenty-seven semi-structured interviews and mental mapping exercises were conducted with residents and experts. Thematic coding (778 initial codes, 34 secondary themes) yielded 10 principal place-making components and revealed 26 underlying factors—spanning physical-spatial, functional, and socio-perceptual dimensions—contributing to spatial “lostness.” Data from all three layers were cross-referenced to build a comprehensive typology of lost spaces and to formulate context-based place-making strategies. Results: The morphological analysis revealed substantial variation across the district, with built-to-void ratios ranging from highly porous fabrics with fragmented plots to dense, fine-grained blocks. Nine distinct morphological types were identified. Lost spaces were predominantly associated with irregularly shaped blocks, low enclosure ratios, discontinuous frontages, and large vacant plots that disrupt urban coherence and pedestrian permeability. Discussion: The findings of this research reveal that lost spaces in District 4 of Rasht are complex urban phenomena, shaped by overlapping physical, functional, and socio-perceptual deficiencies. The discussion is organized around three major themes: the typology of lost spaces, the underlying causes and contributing factors, and the place-making components and strategic approaches that can guide their transformation. Conclusion: By integrating morphological, spatial-network, and perceptual-social perspectives, this study provides a robust conceptual framework for regenerating lost spaces into vibrant, meaningful places. The framework connects typology, causal diagnosis, place-making components, and strategic interventions, offering a transferable tool for urban designers and planners seeking to revive underused urban fragments across Iranian cities and beyond. Acknowledgment: The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of local residents and experts who participated in interviews and mental mapping exercises.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_9253_5c60b353416d8fe6d1d19cde483f57fb.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 9 3 2025 09 23 Iranian Cities in the Mirror of Travelogues: Transformations and Eastern-Western Perspectives (3rd to 12th Centuries AH) Iranian Cities in the Mirror of Travelogues: Transformations and Eastern-Western Perspectives (3rd to 12th Centuries AH) 75 97 9249 10.22124/upk.2025.29984.2013 FA Arman Bahmani Oramani Art and Architecture, Kurdistan university, sanandaj, Iran. Keyumars Habibi Art and Architecture, Kurdistan University, Sanandaj, Iran Journal Article 2025 03 01 Introduction: U Iranian cities, as dynamic centers of political, economic, and socio-cultural life, have undergone profound transformations between the 3rd–12th centuries AH. While historical travelogues from this period provide invaluable firsthand accounts, existing research suffers from three critical gaps: (1) fragmented period-specific analyses lacking longitudinal perspective, (2) insufficient attention to East-West representational differences, and (3) methodological deficiencies in textual analysis. This study bridges these gaps through a systematic comparative framework. Methodology: In this study, using historical-analytical approaches and qualitative content analysis, 14 travelogues (7 Eastern travelogues: such as Nasser Khosrow, Ibn Battuta; 7 Western travelogues: such as Chardin, Tavernier) that were selected through purposive sampling to ensure geographical, temporal, and cultural diversity were examined. Data were coded in MAXQDA using a five-dimensional matrix: physical (mosques, bazaar, fortifications), economic (trade, industries), socio-cultural (customs, religious practices), political (governance structures), and environmental (water systems, natural challenges). The analysis followed a three-phase coding process (open-axial-selective) with inter-coder verification to ensure reliability. Results: The analysis of historical travelogues reveals distinct evolutionary patterns in Iranian cities across three key periods. During the 3rd–6th centuries AH, cities were characterized by a simple yet functional structure centered around mosques, bazaar, and defensive elements. Travelogues such as Ibn Hawqal’s Ṣūrat al-Arḍ and Naser Khosrow’s Safarnāma highlight the mosque as both a religious and social hub, while bazaar thrived as economic and communal spaces. However, environmental challenges, particularly water scarcity in southern regions, posed significant constraints. The 7th–9th centuries AH marked a period of destruction and gradual revival following the Mongol invasions. Cities like Tabriz and Isfahan suffered extensive damage, as documented by Mustawfi and Ibn Battuta, but later reconstruction emphasized religious and educational institutions, including shrines and madrasas. This era also saw heightened sectarian tensions, particularly between Sunni and Shia communities, which influenced urban social dynamics. By the 10th–12th centuries AH, Iranian cities reached their zenith, becoming centers of trade, culture, and governance. Western travelers such as Chardin and Tavernier detailed the grandeur of Safavid-era Isfahan, with its expansive bazaars, ornate mosques, and sophisticated infrastructure. However, their accounts also note urban decay in some areas, including deteriorating buildings and social issues like prostitution—a contrast to Eastern writers, who focused more on spiritual and communal life. Discussion: The study demonstrates how Iranian cities maintained functional-spatial continuity (persistent mosque-bazaar nexus) while adapting to political upheavals. Divergent representations reflect epistemological differences: Eastern "experience-based" narratives versus Western "structural-functional" observations. This duality enriches urban historiography when analyzed through Said’s (1978) critical lens. Conclusion: This study reveals Iranian cities' resilience through three evolutionary periods (3rd-12th c. AH), maintaining core elements while adapting to changes. Eastern and Western travelogues offer complementary perspectives - experiential versus structural - enriching urban historiography. The findings provide both methodological insights for historical urban studies and practical lessons for contemporary heritage-sensitive planning. Introduction: U Iranian cities, as dynamic centers of political, economic, and socio-cultural life, have undergone profound transformations between the 3rd–12th centuries AH. While historical travelogues from this period provide invaluable firsthand accounts, existing research suffers from three critical gaps: (1) fragmented period-specific analyses lacking longitudinal perspective, (2) insufficient attention to East-West representational differences, and (3) methodological deficiencies in textual analysis. This study bridges these gaps through a systematic comparative framework. Methodology: In this study, using historical-analytical approaches and qualitative content analysis, 14 travelogues (7 Eastern travelogues: such as Nasser Khosrow, Ibn Battuta; 7 Western travelogues: such as Chardin, Tavernier) that were selected through purposive sampling to ensure geographical, temporal, and cultural diversity were examined. Data were coded in MAXQDA using a five-dimensional matrix: physical (mosques, bazaar, fortifications), economic (trade, industries), socio-cultural (customs, religious practices), political (governance structures), and environmental (water systems, natural challenges). The analysis followed a three-phase coding process (open-axial-selective) with inter-coder verification to ensure reliability. Results: The analysis of historical travelogues reveals distinct evolutionary patterns in Iranian cities across three key periods. During the 3rd–6th centuries AH, cities were characterized by a simple yet functional structure centered around mosques, bazaar, and defensive elements. Travelogues such as Ibn Hawqal’s Ṣūrat al-Arḍ and Naser Khosrow’s Safarnāma highlight the mosque as both a religious and social hub, while bazaar thrived as economic and communal spaces. However, environmental challenges, particularly water scarcity in southern regions, posed significant constraints. The 7th–9th centuries AH marked a period of destruction and gradual revival following the Mongol invasions. Cities like Tabriz and Isfahan suffered extensive damage, as documented by Mustawfi and Ibn Battuta, but later reconstruction emphasized religious and educational institutions, including shrines and madrasas. This era also saw heightened sectarian tensions, particularly between Sunni and Shia communities, which influenced urban social dynamics. By the 10th–12th centuries AH, Iranian cities reached their zenith, becoming centers of trade, culture, and governance. Western travelers such as Chardin and Tavernier detailed the grandeur of Safavid-era Isfahan, with its expansive bazaars, ornate mosques, and sophisticated infrastructure. However, their accounts also note urban decay in some areas, including deteriorating buildings and social issues like prostitution—a contrast to Eastern writers, who focused more on spiritual and communal life. Discussion: The study demonstrates how Iranian cities maintained functional-spatial continuity (persistent mosque-bazaar nexus) while adapting to political upheavals. Divergent representations reflect epistemological differences: Eastern "experience-based" narratives versus Western "structural-functional" observations. This duality enriches urban historiography when analyzed through Said’s (1978) critical lens. Conclusion: This study reveals Iranian cities' resilience through three evolutionary periods (3rd-12th c. AH), maintaining core elements while adapting to changes. Eastern and Western travelogues offer complementary perspectives - experiential versus structural - enriching urban historiography. The findings provide both methodological insights for historical urban studies and practical lessons for contemporary heritage-sensitive planning.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_9249_352c2aa292beb2379742685b02f13a66.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 9 3 2025 09 23 Feasibility of a Pedestrian-Oriented Smart City in Urmia Based on a People-Space Interconnection Approach Feasibility of a Pedestrian-Oriented Smart City in Urmia Based on a People-Space Interconnection Approach 98 117 9254 10.22124/upk.2025.31803.2072 FA Asghar Abedini Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Urban Planning and Art, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Reza Hosseinzadeh Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Urban Planning and Art, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Journal Article 2025 04 25 Introduction: The urban fabric, as the living environment of individuals, profoundly influences the quality of life. In the era of smart cities, leveraging modern technologies to enhance urban performance and service delivery to citizens is of paramount importance. However, one of the fundamental challenges of walkability in these cities is the weakness in the connection between people and public spaces. This study investigates the feasibility of walkability in Urmia, aiming to identify key indicators for enhancing social interactions and communications between citizens and public spaces. Urmia, with its rich history and diverse culture, is recognized as an economic and social hub in the northwest of the country. Despite these attributes, the public spaces in this city have lost their appeal due to inadequate design and insufficient maintenance. Pedestrians often face challenges on busy streets that render access difficult and hazardous. Creating safe and attractive walking paths can encourage people to utilize these spaces. In addition to physical challenges, the culture of walkability in Urmia has yet to be fully institutionalized. Many citizens prefer to use personal vehicles, which not only increases traffic congestion but also negatively impacts air quality. Designing a smart city based on the connection between people and space is essential for enhancing social interactions and improving public areas. The use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and sensors can transform these spaces into centers of social activity and strengthen the sense of belonging to the city. These areas can serve as venues for cultural and social activities that help attract more citizens. Methodology: The present study examines walkability within the urban fabric of Urmia and is categorized as applied and descriptive-analytical research. The statistical population of this study encompasses both the traditional fabric (District 4) and the modern fabric (District 1) of Urmia, selected through a cluster sampling method. The primary objective of the research is to analyze the status of accessibility, green spaces, vegetation coverage, land use services, and public transportation systems in these areas. To achieve this, the space syntax model was employed to assess the quality of access, alongside ArcMap software for spatial data analysis. This research emphasizes the significance of the relationship between safety indicators and presence in public spaces, collecting data through field questionnaires and direct observations from residents. In the initial phase, service land uses and green spaces, along with their accessibility radius, were examined, followed by further analyses based on the gathered information. Urban furniture, lighting, and waste collection systems were also investigated as key components influencing access quality. Ultimately, this study provides an analysis of deficiencies and challenges in suboptimal areas, offering recommendations for enhancing walkability in the smart city of Urmia. All phases of the research involved field surveys and resident feedback, aiming to improve the quality of life in these regions through better design and management of public spaces. This study can serve as a practical guide for urban decision-makers in creating a safer and more attractive environment for walking. Results: The present study investigates the status of park and green space usage in various regions of Urmia. The evaluations conducted indicate that the coverage of green spaces within the studied areas, particularly within a 2500-meter radius from parks, is generally satisfactory. However, accessibility to neighborhood green spaces in the southwestern part of District 4 faces significant challenges. Furthermore, green spaces in District 4 are predominantly located near highly connected pathways, whereas in District 1, these spaces are situated near pathways with lower connectivity. Subsequently, the status of public transportation was examined. Bus stations in District 4 exhibit a better situation in terms of quantity and accessibility coverage compared to District 1. The eastern neighborhoods of District 1 are entirely deprived of access to public transportation. Analyses conducted using the Space Syntax model reveal that public transportation stations are mainly located along pathways with high connectivity. The next phase involved assessing urban furniture, which included evaluating pedestrian comfort, waste collection systems, and street lighting. The results indicate that the diversity of urban furniture and the quality of lighting on main streets surpass those found in local pathways. Most local pathways lack adequate waste bins and benches, and the quality of lighting services varies considerably. Finally, resident opinions were collected through questionnaires, reflecting an average to low quality of urban furniture and a lack of utilization of renewable energy sources in these areas. These findings can serve as a foundation for improving the design and management of public spaces in Urmia. Discussion: This study employs the integration of Space Syntax and GIS to assess the capacity of Urmia for realizing a walkable smart city. The findings reveal that walkability is not merely a technological outcome but emerges from the structural interplay of spatial cohesion, land-use diversity, environmental quality, and accessibility. The results further indicate that traditional urban fabrics, owing to their organic functional linkages and spatial integrity, possess greater potential for walkable regeneration than newly developed areas. By challenging a purely technocentric perspective, the study proposes an integrative framework in which technology serves to enhance social interactions and spatial experiences. Comparative scenario analysis demonstrates that strengthening pedestrian accessibility and reconfiguring spatial–functional patterns at the neighborhood scale can, at significantly lower costs than large-scale redevelopment, foster sustainability, resilience, and spatial justice. Conclusion: The analyses indicate that the component of service land uses has the most significant impact on walkability and social interactions within the city of Urmia. Green space and recreational land uses rank next in importance; however, the spatial placement of service uses at the neighborhood level holds particular significance. The findings reveal that pathways located near these service uses possess the highest priority for walkability. Additionally, the presence of surveillance-oriented façades along pathways contributes to enhanced security and appropriate accessibility. In comparison to traditional and organic urban fabrics, the only effective indicator for achieving the objectives of this research is the accessibility and safety of pathways. The analyses suggest that 85% of the evaluation scores in the selected neighborhoods have been achieved; however, even the highest scores attained only 34 out of a possible 40 points, indicating a deficiency in essential facilities. The poor accessibility of neighborhoods can be categorized into two groups: the first group comprises primary arteries designed for traffic movement, while the second includes pathways and access routes that fail to meet residents' needs. To enhance walkability and improve the quality of urban spaces in Urmia, it is recommended that the following measures be considered: improving the spatial placement of service land uses, increasing green space, upgrading urban furniture, and developing intelligent transportation systems. These actions could contribute to achieving smart city objectives and enhancing the quality of life for residents. Introduction: The urban fabric, as the living environment of individuals, profoundly influences the quality of life. In the era of smart cities, leveraging modern technologies to enhance urban performance and service delivery to citizens is of paramount importance. However, one of the fundamental challenges of walkability in these cities is the weakness in the connection between people and public spaces. This study investigates the feasibility of walkability in Urmia, aiming to identify key indicators for enhancing social interactions and communications between citizens and public spaces. Urmia, with its rich history and diverse culture, is recognized as an economic and social hub in the northwest of the country. Despite these attributes, the public spaces in this city have lost their appeal due to inadequate design and insufficient maintenance. Pedestrians often face challenges on busy streets that render access difficult and hazardous. Creating safe and attractive walking paths can encourage people to utilize these spaces. In addition to physical challenges, the culture of walkability in Urmia has yet to be fully institutionalized. Many citizens prefer to use personal vehicles, which not only increases traffic congestion but also negatively impacts air quality. Designing a smart city based on the connection between people and space is essential for enhancing social interactions and improving public areas. The use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and sensors can transform these spaces into centers of social activity and strengthen the sense of belonging to the city. These areas can serve as venues for cultural and social activities that help attract more citizens. Methodology: The present study examines walkability within the urban fabric of Urmia and is categorized as applied and descriptive-analytical research. The statistical population of this study encompasses both the traditional fabric (District 4) and the modern fabric (District 1) of Urmia, selected through a cluster sampling method. The primary objective of the research is to analyze the status of accessibility, green spaces, vegetation coverage, land use services, and public transportation systems in these areas. To achieve this, the space syntax model was employed to assess the quality of access, alongside ArcMap software for spatial data analysis. This research emphasizes the significance of the relationship between safety indicators and presence in public spaces, collecting data through field questionnaires and direct observations from residents. In the initial phase, service land uses and green spaces, along with their accessibility radius, were examined, followed by further analyses based on the gathered information. Urban furniture, lighting, and waste collection systems were also investigated as key components influencing access quality. Ultimately, this study provides an analysis of deficiencies and challenges in suboptimal areas, offering recommendations for enhancing walkability in the smart city of Urmia. All phases of the research involved field surveys and resident feedback, aiming to improve the quality of life in these regions through better design and management of public spaces. This study can serve as a practical guide for urban decision-makers in creating a safer and more attractive environment for walking. Results: The present study investigates the status of park and green space usage in various regions of Urmia. The evaluations conducted indicate that the coverage of green spaces within the studied areas, particularly within a 2500-meter radius from parks, is generally satisfactory. However, accessibility to neighborhood green spaces in the southwestern part of District 4 faces significant challenges. Furthermore, green spaces in District 4 are predominantly located near highly connected pathways, whereas in District 1, these spaces are situated near pathways with lower connectivity. Subsequently, the status of public transportation was examined. Bus stations in District 4 exhibit a better situation in terms of quantity and accessibility coverage compared to District 1. The eastern neighborhoods of District 1 are entirely deprived of access to public transportation. Analyses conducted using the Space Syntax model reveal that public transportation stations are mainly located along pathways with high connectivity. The next phase involved assessing urban furniture, which included evaluating pedestrian comfort, waste collection systems, and street lighting. The results indicate that the diversity of urban furniture and the quality of lighting on main streets surpass those found in local pathways. Most local pathways lack adequate waste bins and benches, and the quality of lighting services varies considerably. Finally, resident opinions were collected through questionnaires, reflecting an average to low quality of urban furniture and a lack of utilization of renewable energy sources in these areas. These findings can serve as a foundation for improving the design and management of public spaces in Urmia. Discussion: This study employs the integration of Space Syntax and GIS to assess the capacity of Urmia for realizing a walkable smart city. The findings reveal that walkability is not merely a technological outcome but emerges from the structural interplay of spatial cohesion, land-use diversity, environmental quality, and accessibility. The results further indicate that traditional urban fabrics, owing to their organic functional linkages and spatial integrity, possess greater potential for walkable regeneration than newly developed areas. By challenging a purely technocentric perspective, the study proposes an integrative framework in which technology serves to enhance social interactions and spatial experiences. Comparative scenario analysis demonstrates that strengthening pedestrian accessibility and reconfiguring spatial–functional patterns at the neighborhood scale can, at significantly lower costs than large-scale redevelopment, foster sustainability, resilience, and spatial justice. Conclusion: The analyses indicate that the component of service land uses has the most significant impact on walkability and social interactions within the city of Urmia. Green space and recreational land uses rank next in importance; however, the spatial placement of service uses at the neighborhood level holds particular significance. The findings reveal that pathways located near these service uses possess the highest priority for walkability. Additionally, the presence of surveillance-oriented façades along pathways contributes to enhanced security and appropriate accessibility. In comparison to traditional and organic urban fabrics, the only effective indicator for achieving the objectives of this research is the accessibility and safety of pathways. The analyses suggest that 85% of the evaluation scores in the selected neighborhoods have been achieved; however, even the highest scores attained only 34 out of a possible 40 points, indicating a deficiency in essential facilities. The poor accessibility of neighborhoods can be categorized into two groups: the first group comprises primary arteries designed for traffic movement, while the second includes pathways and access routes that fail to meet residents' needs. To enhance walkability and improve the quality of urban spaces in Urmia, it is recommended that the following measures be considered: improving the spatial placement of service land uses, increasing green space, upgrading urban furniture, and developing intelligent transportation systems. These actions could contribute to achieving smart city objectives and enhancing the quality of life for residents.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_9254_4fdebdf48d41990f99a9625d24dc64b6.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 9 3 2025 09 23 Investigating the drivers of regeneration development in blighted areas of District 4 of Tabriz City; using spatial modeling approaches Investigating the drivers of regeneration development in blighted areas of District 4 of Tabriz City; using spatial modeling approaches 118 141 9239 10.22124/upk.2025.30581.2029 FA Hassan Taghizadeh Ph.D Candidate, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Ta.C., Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Hassan Ahmadzadeh Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Ta.C., Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Ali Panahi Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Ta.C., Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2025 05 05 Introduction: Cities face many challenges of urban decay that disrupt organization, reduce efficiency, and threaten urban life.While a large part of the degraded areas contain valuable cultural, historical and economic assets such as traditional markets that are vital to the identity of the city and the population. Inefficient planning creates limited opportunities for improving living conditions and increases disaster risks. Tabriz, which is historically and commercially significant, has seen land-use changes that strain its urban structure and transport networks. District 4, a historical zone of 108 hectares, is the city’s most populated area with high density, making it crucial for regeneration efforts. This study aims to identify the key drivers that can support urban regeneration in District 4 of Tabriz. Methodology: To conduct this study, key criteria affecting urban regeneration were first identified by reviewing past research and related literature.. These criteria were grouped into four main categories: physical, environmental, economic, and social. Each category included several sub-criteria, 18 sub-criteria overall (see Table 1). Next, to assign weights and determine the importance of each criterion and sub-criterion in the context of urban regeneration, two multi-criteria decision-making methods were used: Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Fuzzy Best-Worst Method (FBWM). Both methods rely on expert judgment to assign weights. In this study, questionnaires were distributed to 30 urban planning experts to gather their input for both FAHP and FBWM methods. After assigning the weights, we combined the weighted criteria layers to create urban regeneration priority maps using both FAHP and FBWM methods. The resulting maps were then compared. Finally, by reclassifying the maps, neighborhoods were prioritized based on their level of need for urban regeneration. Results: The results from FAHP and FBWM showed that among the four main criteria, physical, economic, environmental, and social factors (in this order) had the highest impact on urban regeneration. However, the two methods gave different importance rankings to some of the sub-criteria. According to the FAHP results, the three most important sub-criteria were: building age, building quality, and building structure. These had weights of 0.125, 0.119, and 0.115, respectively. On the other hand, the least important sub-criteria in the FAHP method were distance from fault, soil type, and land surface temperature. The FBWM method identified the following top sub-criteria: building quality, building age, and housing price. The sub-criteria with the lowest importance in FBWM method were distance from fault, land surface temperature, and soil type. A comparison between FAHP and FBWM showed that building age and building quality were highly important in both methods, with only minor differences in their exact weights. Meanwhile, distance from fault, land surface temperature, and soil type were considered among the least important in both. The urban regeneration maps produced using FAHP and FBWM (Figure 1) revealed that the southeastern and northwestern parts of District 4 in Tabriz have the highest priority for regeneration. In contrast, the southwestern and northern areas have the lowest priority. Evaluting sub-criteria revealed that: in the southeast and northwest zones, building quality is poor, and many structures are either in need of repair or should be demolished. Additionally, these areas have many buildings over 30 years old. Regarding building structure, most buildings lack proper concrete or steel frames, which makes them more vulnerable. These conditions, along with the higher weight given to these sub-criteria, explain why these areas were marked as high-priority zones in both FAHP and FBWM maps. On the other hand, areas in the southwest and north of the study area showed better conditions in terms of building quality, age, and structural type. Therefore, they were given lower priority for urban regeneration. Finally, a comparison based on the Relative Performance Curve showed that the FBWM method performed slightly better than the FAHP method, with an area under the curve of 0.874 compared to 0.845 for FAHP. Discussion: In this study, using FAHP and FBWM methods, neighborhoods in Tabriz Region 4 were analyzed and ranked based on their priority for urban regeneration.. The results consistently highlighted five neighborhoods, Qarah Aghaj, Ghonqa, Gajil, Ahrab, and Yekeh Tukan, as having the highest need for intervention under both models. These areas are characterized by aging buildings, high population density, and poor construction quality, all of which contribute to their elevated priority for regeneration. Qarah Aghaj, in particular, stands out due to its historical significance and numerous heritage buildings, especially from the Qajar era. This cultural value, combined with structural, economic, social, and environmental challenges, makes it a clear candidate for urban regeneration. Similarly, Ghonqa, Gajil, Ahrab, and Yekeh Tukan face comparable conditions and are thus ranked as high-priority areas. On the other hand, neighborhoods like Karpisheh, Azarbaijan Square, Jahad Square, Vazir Abad, and Kooy-e Firooz showed better overall conditions, such as higher-quality buildings, lower construction density, and improved environmental and social settings. As a result, these areas are considered low-priority for immediate regeneration efforts. Interestingly, both FAHP and FBWM approaches agreed on the top and bottom five neighborhoods in terms of priority. The main differences between the two methods appeared in the middle-ranked neighborhoods, where their scores and rankings diverged somewhat. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that physical, economic, environmental, and social factors, in that order, play the most significant roles in determining urban regeneration priorities in the study area. This confirms that urban regeneration is a complex, multidimensional process requiring an integrated approach. Among the sub-criteria, building age, building quality, and building structure were identified as the most critical according to FAHP, while building quality, building age, and housing price ranked highest in the FBWM model. This overlap emphasizes the consistent importance of building condition across different evaluation methods. These findings suggest that aging buildings, particularly in historically significant areas, should receive special attention from urban planners and policymakers. Poor-quality buildings not only reduce residents' quality of life but also negatively affect the overall urban fabric. Therefore, regeneration policies should prioritize enhancing construction quality through durable materials, sound engineering practices, and modern technologies. Moreover, the impact of housing prices in regeneration efforts should not be overlooked. To prevent displacement of low-income residents and the growth of informal settlements, urban regeneration strategies should carefully balance quality-of-life improvements with affordable housing considerations. Introduction: Cities face many challenges of urban decay that disrupt organization, reduce efficiency, and threaten urban life.While a large part of the degraded areas contain valuable cultural, historical and economic assets such as traditional markets that are vital to the identity of the city and the population. Inefficient planning creates limited opportunities for improving living conditions and increases disaster risks. Tabriz, which is historically and commercially significant, has seen land-use changes that strain its urban structure and transport networks. District 4, a historical zone of 108 hectares, is the city’s most populated area with high density, making it crucial for regeneration efforts. This study aims to identify the key drivers that can support urban regeneration in District 4 of Tabriz. Methodology: To conduct this study, key criteria affecting urban regeneration were first identified by reviewing past research and related literature.. These criteria were grouped into four main categories: physical, environmental, economic, and social. Each category included several sub-criteria, 18 sub-criteria overall (see Table 1). Next, to assign weights and determine the importance of each criterion and sub-criterion in the context of urban regeneration, two multi-criteria decision-making methods were used: Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Fuzzy Best-Worst Method (FBWM). Both methods rely on expert judgment to assign weights. In this study, questionnaires were distributed to 30 urban planning experts to gather their input for both FAHP and FBWM methods. After assigning the weights, we combined the weighted criteria layers to create urban regeneration priority maps using both FAHP and FBWM methods. The resulting maps were then compared. Finally, by reclassifying the maps, neighborhoods were prioritized based on their level of need for urban regeneration. Results: The results from FAHP and FBWM showed that among the four main criteria, physical, economic, environmental, and social factors (in this order) had the highest impact on urban regeneration. However, the two methods gave different importance rankings to some of the sub-criteria. According to the FAHP results, the three most important sub-criteria were: building age, building quality, and building structure. These had weights of 0.125, 0.119, and 0.115, respectively. On the other hand, the least important sub-criteria in the FAHP method were distance from fault, soil type, and land surface temperature. The FBWM method identified the following top sub-criteria: building quality, building age, and housing price. The sub-criteria with the lowest importance in FBWM method were distance from fault, land surface temperature, and soil type. A comparison between FAHP and FBWM showed that building age and building quality were highly important in both methods, with only minor differences in their exact weights. Meanwhile, distance from fault, land surface temperature, and soil type were considered among the least important in both. The urban regeneration maps produced using FAHP and FBWM (Figure 1) revealed that the southeastern and northwestern parts of District 4 in Tabriz have the highest priority for regeneration. In contrast, the southwestern and northern areas have the lowest priority. Evaluting sub-criteria revealed that: in the southeast and northwest zones, building quality is poor, and many structures are either in need of repair or should be demolished. Additionally, these areas have many buildings over 30 years old. Regarding building structure, most buildings lack proper concrete or steel frames, which makes them more vulnerable. These conditions, along with the higher weight given to these sub-criteria, explain why these areas were marked as high-priority zones in both FAHP and FBWM maps. On the other hand, areas in the southwest and north of the study area showed better conditions in terms of building quality, age, and structural type. Therefore, they were given lower priority for urban regeneration. Finally, a comparison based on the Relative Performance Curve showed that the FBWM method performed slightly better than the FAHP method, with an area under the curve of 0.874 compared to 0.845 for FAHP. Discussion: In this study, using FAHP and FBWM methods, neighborhoods in Tabriz Region 4 were analyzed and ranked based on their priority for urban regeneration.. The results consistently highlighted five neighborhoods, Qarah Aghaj, Ghonqa, Gajil, Ahrab, and Yekeh Tukan, as having the highest need for intervention under both models. These areas are characterized by aging buildings, high population density, and poor construction quality, all of which contribute to their elevated priority for regeneration. Qarah Aghaj, in particular, stands out due to its historical significance and numerous heritage buildings, especially from the Qajar era. This cultural value, combined with structural, economic, social, and environmental challenges, makes it a clear candidate for urban regeneration. Similarly, Ghonqa, Gajil, Ahrab, and Yekeh Tukan face comparable conditions and are thus ranked as high-priority areas. On the other hand, neighborhoods like Karpisheh, Azarbaijan Square, Jahad Square, Vazir Abad, and Kooy-e Firooz showed better overall conditions, such as higher-quality buildings, lower construction density, and improved environmental and social settings. As a result, these areas are considered low-priority for immediate regeneration efforts. Interestingly, both FAHP and FBWM approaches agreed on the top and bottom five neighborhoods in terms of priority. The main differences between the two methods appeared in the middle-ranked neighborhoods, where their scores and rankings diverged somewhat. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that physical, economic, environmental, and social factors, in that order, play the most significant roles in determining urban regeneration priorities in the study area. This confirms that urban regeneration is a complex, multidimensional process requiring an integrated approach. Among the sub-criteria, building age, building quality, and building structure were identified as the most critical according to FAHP, while building quality, building age, and housing price ranked highest in the FBWM model. This overlap emphasizes the consistent importance of building condition across different evaluation methods. These findings suggest that aging buildings, particularly in historically significant areas, should receive special attention from urban planners and policymakers. Poor-quality buildings not only reduce residents' quality of life but also negatively affect the overall urban fabric. Therefore, regeneration policies should prioritize enhancing construction quality through durable materials, sound engineering practices, and modern technologies. Moreover, the impact of housing prices in regeneration efforts should not be overlooked. To prevent displacement of low-income residents and the growth of informal settlements, urban regeneration strategies should carefully balance quality-of-life improvements with affordable housing considerations.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_9239_1bac63ef5587341782a21b1dddbd52dd.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 9 3 2025 09 23 Critical Futures Studies in the Peripheral Contexts of Pilgrimage Cities: An Analysis Based on the CLA Method Critical Futures Studies in the Peripheral Contexts of Pilgrimage Cities: An Analysis Based on the CLA Method 142 167 9248 10.22124/upk.2025.29327.1995 FA Shirin Eslami Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Bahador Zamani Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Art University of Isfahan, Iran. Mahmoud Mohammadi Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2024 12 22 Introduction: Today, the urban fabric surrounding pilgrimage shrines—comprising a network of interconnected buildings and urban elements with a predominant heritage-cultural and commercial function that serves the needs of both pilgrims and residents—is facing various complex issues and widespread deficiencies across multiple scales. These challenges are largely the result of urban management interventions aimed at providing pilgrimage-support infrastructure. The nature of these interventions has been shaped by influential discourses and worldviews—stemming from both secular and religious ideologies—and guided by dominant narratives such as “pilgrimage,” “religious tourism,” and “tourism.” This has sparked ongoing debate in academic and professional circles about how such interventions should be approached. In response, the present study is formed around two core research questions: (1) Why have most urban interventions in the areas surrounding religious shrines been perceived, in practice, as problematic? and (2) Based on Causal Layered Analysis (CLA), what alternative future scenarios can be envisioned for these areas? Within this framework, identifying the hidden and foundational layers that contribute to the problematic nature of these interventions becomes essential, as only by understanding these layers can we construct alternative, future-oriented scenarios aligned with the unique nature of pilgrimage-oriented urban environments. The significance of this research is threefold: first, to protect the tangible and intangible cultural heritage of pilgrimage cities, which reflect religious beliefs and practices but are increasingly threatened by rapid, decontextualized physical interventions; second, to address the intensifying conflict between tourism-centered and pilgrimage-centered discourses, which calls for a critical reassessment of the foundations of urban planning in such contexts; and third, to highlight the necessity of integrated and forward-thinking planning approaches in pilgrimage cities, which could serve as a model for similar sacred urban settings. This research aims to contribute to developing such a framework by integrating interpretive, data-driven, and futures-oriented methodologies. Methodology: This study adopts a futures studies orientation through a systematic review aimed at exploring the multilayered factors influencing future urban interventions around pilgrimage sites. Employing a qualitative research paradigm, it integrates two complementary methods—qualitative content analysis and Causal Layered Analysis (CLA)—in a purposeful and coherent manner aligned with the study’s conceptual framework. In the first phase, qualitative content analysis is used to extract key concepts, code recurring themes, and organize data gathered from documentary sources and existing literature. In the second phase, this structured data serves as a systematic input into the CLA process, which facilitates deeper interpretation across multiple levels of meaning. The study sample comprises 42 research works conducted between 1376 and 1404 in the Iranian calendar (1997–2025). Data were collected through extensive library and documentary research focused on relevant scholarly literature. The selection and screening process follows Fink’s (2014) framework for conducting systematic reviews. The output of the layered analysis identifies key drivers as influential and transformative forces shaping future urban development trajectories. These findings form the foundation for the construction of alternative scenarios. This integrative approach not only capitalizes on the methodological strengths of systematic reviews but also ensures conceptual coherence between the data-driven structure of content analysis and the interpretive depth of the CLA framework. By uncovering hidden patterns and alternative narratives, this approach supports the visualization of diverse and plausible futures. Ultimately, , in this research, to address the study’s core question, distinct policy directions are articulated across the four analytical layers. Results: The Causal Layered Analysis (CLA) across four layers—litany, systemic causes, discourse, and myth/metaphor—identified the key drivers, which served as the basis for the development of four alternative future scenarios. This approach enabled the visualization of potential futures and the formulation of alternative policy directions for managing the urban fabric surrounding pilgrimage shrines. The findings indicate that the primary roots of the current problematic interventions in pilgrimage cities lie in the tensions between discourses at the deeper layers of CLA (myth and discourse). Specifically, the dominance of a tourism-oriented discourse and the prevalence of secular ideologies, coupled with the neglect of pilgrimage-centered narratives and the adoption of the “both pilgrim and tourist” metaphor, along with the inefficiencies of governance structures at the intermediate (structural) layer, constitute the principal drivers of contemporary urban challenges in these sacred urban contexts. Discussion: This study presents four distinct visions of a conceivable future within the framework of four scenarios derived from key drivers identified in the theoretical literature of this field. These scenarios can serve as a foundation for informed policymaking aimed at enhancing place identity, improving the quality of pilgrimage experiences, and managing future transformations in the urban fabric. The selection of the two key uncertainties that shape the scenarios was based on a matrix of impact/uncertainty and followed the structured framework of causal layered analysis. These uncertainties exhibit the highest influence and unpredictability in shaping future developments in the areas surrounding pilgrimage sites. The first scenario, “Preserving Sanctity within the Framework of Authority,” emphasizes the continuation of centralized, pilgrimage-centered structures. While it appears to protect the sanctity of pilgrimage sites, over the long term, it may lead to a weakening of religious identity. The second scenario, “Integrating Spirituality and Innovative Governance,” adopts a participatory and pilgrimage-centered approach. This scenario enables the expression of religious and spiritual values, fosters the involvement of key stakeholders and influential groups, and encourages institutional innovation. The third scenario, “Forced Commercialization,” emerges from a combination of centralized governance and a tourism-oriented approach. This results in the reduction of pilgrimage to a commodified experience, the erosion of spiritual culture, and the dominance of secular discourse and worldviews. Finally, the fourth scenario, “Global Pilgrimage City,” envisions a participatory and tourism-driven model that offers a transnational and multifaceted perspective on the modern concept of pilgrimage in the era of globalization. While it attracts investment and cultural diversity, it also faces significant challenges in preserving authentic identity and managing cultural change. Accordingly, these four scenarios represent a spectrum of alternative possibilities that not only provide a framework for understanding forthcoming transformations but also enable deliberate intervention in the future-making process of pilgrimage cities. Moving toward the scenario of integrating spirituality with innovative governance in a participatory context may be considered a strategic option for policymakers, urban managers, and planning authorities in addressing identity crises, the commodification of space, and the challenges of mass tourism. Conclusion: This study, employing Causal Layered Analysis (CLA) and a problem re-framing approach, examined the past, present, and key future uncertainties surrounding interventions in the urban fabric around pilgrimage shrines. Following the identification of key drivers across CLA layers, their evaluation using an impact–uncertainty matrix, and the selection of two critical uncertainties—namely, the “pilgrimage–tourism tension” and the “governance system”—a framework was developed to delineate four alternative future scenarios: “Preserving Sanctity within the Framework of Authority,” “Integrating Spirituality and Innovative Governance,” “Forced Commercialization,” and “Global Pilgrimage City.” Introduction: Today, the urban fabric surrounding pilgrimage shrines—comprising a network of interconnected buildings and urban elements with a predominant heritage-cultural and commercial function that serves the needs of both pilgrims and residents—is facing various complex issues and widespread deficiencies across multiple scales. These challenges are largely the result of urban management interventions aimed at providing pilgrimage-support infrastructure. The nature of these interventions has been shaped by influential discourses and worldviews—stemming from both secular and religious ideologies—and guided by dominant narratives such as “pilgrimage,” “religious tourism,” and “tourism.” This has sparked ongoing debate in academic and professional circles about how such interventions should be approached. In response, the present study is formed around two core research questions: (1) Why have most urban interventions in the areas surrounding religious shrines been perceived, in practice, as problematic? and (2) Based on Causal Layered Analysis (CLA), what alternative future scenarios can be envisioned for these areas? Within this framework, identifying the hidden and foundational layers that contribute to the problematic nature of these interventions becomes essential, as only by understanding these layers can we construct alternative, future-oriented scenarios aligned with the unique nature of pilgrimage-oriented urban environments. The significance of this research is threefold: first, to protect the tangible and intangible cultural heritage of pilgrimage cities, which reflect religious beliefs and practices but are increasingly threatened by rapid, decontextualized physical interventions; second, to address the intensifying conflict between tourism-centered and pilgrimage-centered discourses, which calls for a critical reassessment of the foundations of urban planning in such contexts; and third, to highlight the necessity of integrated and forward-thinking planning approaches in pilgrimage cities, which could serve as a model for similar sacred urban settings. This research aims to contribute to developing such a framework by integrating interpretive, data-driven, and futures-oriented methodologies. Methodology: This study adopts a futures studies orientation through a systematic review aimed at exploring the multilayered factors influencing future urban interventions around pilgrimage sites. Employing a qualitative research paradigm, it integrates two complementary methods—qualitative content analysis and Causal Layered Analysis (CLA)—in a purposeful and coherent manner aligned with the study’s conceptual framework. In the first phase, qualitative content analysis is used to extract key concepts, code recurring themes, and organize data gathered from documentary sources and existing literature. In the second phase, this structured data serves as a systematic input into the CLA process, which facilitates deeper interpretation across multiple levels of meaning. The study sample comprises 42 research works conducted between 1376 and 1404 in the Iranian calendar (1997–2025). Data were collected through extensive library and documentary research focused on relevant scholarly literature. The selection and screening process follows Fink’s (2014) framework for conducting systematic reviews. The output of the layered analysis identifies key drivers as influential and transformative forces shaping future urban development trajectories. These findings form the foundation for the construction of alternative scenarios. This integrative approach not only capitalizes on the methodological strengths of systematic reviews but also ensures conceptual coherence between the data-driven structure of content analysis and the interpretive depth of the CLA framework. By uncovering hidden patterns and alternative narratives, this approach supports the visualization of diverse and plausible futures. Ultimately, , in this research, to address the study’s core question, distinct policy directions are articulated across the four analytical layers. Results: The Causal Layered Analysis (CLA) across four layers—litany, systemic causes, discourse, and myth/metaphor—identified the key drivers, which served as the basis for the development of four alternative future scenarios. This approach enabled the visualization of potential futures and the formulation of alternative policy directions for managing the urban fabric surrounding pilgrimage shrines. The findings indicate that the primary roots of the current problematic interventions in pilgrimage cities lie in the tensions between discourses at the deeper layers of CLA (myth and discourse). Specifically, the dominance of a tourism-oriented discourse and the prevalence of secular ideologies, coupled with the neglect of pilgrimage-centered narratives and the adoption of the “both pilgrim and tourist” metaphor, along with the inefficiencies of governance structures at the intermediate (structural) layer, constitute the principal drivers of contemporary urban challenges in these sacred urban contexts. Discussion: This study presents four distinct visions of a conceivable future within the framework of four scenarios derived from key drivers identified in the theoretical literature of this field. These scenarios can serve as a foundation for informed policymaking aimed at enhancing place identity, improving the quality of pilgrimage experiences, and managing future transformations in the urban fabric. The selection of the two key uncertainties that shape the scenarios was based on a matrix of impact/uncertainty and followed the structured framework of causal layered analysis. These uncertainties exhibit the highest influence and unpredictability in shaping future developments in the areas surrounding pilgrimage sites. The first scenario, “Preserving Sanctity within the Framework of Authority,” emphasizes the continuation of centralized, pilgrimage-centered structures. While it appears to protect the sanctity of pilgrimage sites, over the long term, it may lead to a weakening of religious identity. The second scenario, “Integrating Spirituality and Innovative Governance,” adopts a participatory and pilgrimage-centered approach. This scenario enables the expression of religious and spiritual values, fosters the involvement of key stakeholders and influential groups, and encourages institutional innovation. The third scenario, “Forced Commercialization,” emerges from a combination of centralized governance and a tourism-oriented approach. This results in the reduction of pilgrimage to a commodified experience, the erosion of spiritual culture, and the dominance of secular discourse and worldviews. Finally, the fourth scenario, “Global Pilgrimage City,” envisions a participatory and tourism-driven model that offers a transnational and multifaceted perspective on the modern concept of pilgrimage in the era of globalization. While it attracts investment and cultural diversity, it also faces significant challenges in preserving authentic identity and managing cultural change. Accordingly, these four scenarios represent a spectrum of alternative possibilities that not only provide a framework for understanding forthcoming transformations but also enable deliberate intervention in the future-making process of pilgrimage cities. Moving toward the scenario of integrating spirituality with innovative governance in a participatory context may be considered a strategic option for policymakers, urban managers, and planning authorities in addressing identity crises, the commodification of space, and the challenges of mass tourism. Conclusion: This study, employing Causal Layered Analysis (CLA) and a problem re-framing approach, examined the past, present, and key future uncertainties surrounding interventions in the urban fabric around pilgrimage shrines. Following the identification of key drivers across CLA layers, their evaluation using an impact–uncertainty matrix, and the selection of two critical uncertainties—namely, the “pilgrimage–tourism tension” and the “governance system”—a framework was developed to delineate four alternative future scenarios: “Preserving Sanctity within the Framework of Authority,” “Integrating Spirituality and Innovative Governance,” “Forced Commercialization,” and “Global Pilgrimage City.”

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_9248_ece8ba0d14fe8934eb68e4784f42da0c.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 9 3 2025 09 23 Identifying and Prioritizing Factors Affecting Urban Landscape Organization Case Study; The Façade of Daneshsara Street, Rasht Identifying and Prioritizing Factors Affecting Urban Landscape Organization Case Study; The Façade of Daneshsara Street, Rasht 168 187 9250 10.22124/upk.2025.30233.2020 FA Delaram Yazdani Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art& Architecture, University of Mazandaran Vahid Heidar Nattaj Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art& Architecture, University of Mazandaran Journal Article 2025 04 04 Introduction: : The starting point for understanding and evaluating cities is the urban landscape, and the nature of the city’s interaction with humans is also expressed through the urban landscape. If we consider the city as a written text, it is the urban landscape that allows the city to be read and interpreted. In other words, all information, including the form, function, and meaning of the space, is contained by the urban landscape. According to Carmona, the urban landscape is divided into three categories: Roof landscape Ground landscape Façade landscape: Among physical elements, urban façades play the most significant role in defining the city’s landscape. John Lang believes that the perceived quality of a city depends primarily on the quality of its streets. In conceptualization, the streetscape- the most fundamental component of a street’s physical structure- is understood as the vertical planes that define the street or thoroughfare, acting as its boundary edges. In this context, the façade represents the vital interface between the architectural shell of buildings and the public realm. A facade is not simply a two-dimensional surface, but may take on volumetric features, including articulations, protrusions, and depressions, depending on the formal configuration of the building. According to the 4th chapter of the National Building Regulations, a façade is defined as the part of the building’s exterior that is visible to the public. On a broader scale, three main issues significantly affect the urban landscape of cities in Iran. The first issue concerns the increase in unauthorized construction, such as enclosed balconies and rooftop extensions for additional space, and exposed infrastructure elements, including cooling and heating systems, water and electrical ducts, or overhead power lines. The second major challenge is façade deterioration, which is caused by economic and social factors. This deterioration is often exacerbated by a lack of responsibility for the renovation and restoration of urban facades. The problem of disorganization of signs has led business owners to install signs arbitrarily - based on their own judgment and needs - without any supervision or regulation. To address these issues at a micro-scale, three key actions related to the three aforementioned problems should be taken: Trimming out: Removing unnecessary additions and extensions Renovation: Addressing the issue of deterioration Rearrangement: Managing excessive proliferation of signage. Methodology: This research is categorized as fundamental-experimental in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method, and a case study approach was used. The study utilized a questionnaire with open-ended questions, followed by closed-ended questions with a five-point Likert scale. In the first phase, a review of previous studies and theoretical foundations was conducted to create a framework of key indicators affecting the urban landscape organization. In the second phase, these foundational insights were further enriched to increase the depth and validity of the research findings. After these phases, an expert panel was formed. Twelve faculty members from the Faculty of Architecture and Art at the University of Guilan, who were experts in various fields related to the study, were selected as members of the expert panel. To identify and extract the key indicators leading to the research objective, open-ended questionnaires—structured based on findings of the first phase and theoretical foundations—were designed. These questionnaires, along with 2D and 3D visual representations of Rasht Daneshsara Street, were distributed to the expert panel members for evaluation. In the next step, the integration of the indicators derived from the theoretical framework and the criteria proposed by the expert panel members resulted in a new list of influential indicators for the urban landscape organizing. A thorough content review, along with an analysis of the overlap of similar and common criteria, led to the development of a new classification system, which is categorized, summarized, and coded in the following figure: After evaluating the expert panel`s ratings for each indicator in the second round of the Delphi questionnaire, a quantitative analysis was conducted. TOPSIS method was used to rank the indicators. Results: Based on the findings from the questionnaire and TOPSIS technique, the category of indicators related to "renovation" has the greatest impact on improving the quality of urban facades in the studied sample. Conclusion: This study identified 26 influential factors influencing the organization and arrangement of building facades, which were classified into three main groups. In this study, the authors evaluated and prioritized these factors quantitatively: The selection of " Development of implementation criteria for various facade additions" as the main priority shows that the experts are concerned about the fragmented and uncoordinated approach to the composition of the Rasht Daneshsara street facade. Their focus is on achieving a coherent and integrated streetscape, not a fragmented and piecemeal approach. The primary factors exacerbating this visual disturbance along the axis have been identified as commercial and office signs, advertising posters, and awnings. The constant increase of these elements contributes significantly to public dissatisfaction with the chaotic urban landscape. Facade modification, by removing incongruous additions, reveals the hidden architectural values of the built environment. This process highlights the contrast between new materials and the historical fabric. As a result, the implementation of two additional criteria—“the use of appropriate and harmonious materials in repairs and renovations” and “the use of materials that reflect the architectural age”—leads observers to perceive a defined architectural order. Introduction: : The starting point for understanding and evaluating cities is the urban landscape, and the nature of the city’s interaction with humans is also expressed through the urban landscape. If we consider the city as a written text, it is the urban landscape that allows the city to be read and interpreted. In other words, all information, including the form, function, and meaning of the space, is contained by the urban landscape. According to Carmona, the urban landscape is divided into three categories: Roof landscape Ground landscape Façade landscape: Among physical elements, urban façades play the most significant role in defining the city’s landscape. John Lang believes that the perceived quality of a city depends primarily on the quality of its streets. In conceptualization, the streetscape- the most fundamental component of a street’s physical structure- is understood as the vertical planes that define the street or thoroughfare, acting as its boundary edges. In this context, the façade represents the vital interface between the architectural shell of buildings and the public realm. A facade is not simply a two-dimensional surface, but may take on volumetric features, including articulations, protrusions, and depressions, depending on the formal configuration of the building. According to the 4th chapter of the National Building Regulations, a façade is defined as the part of the building’s exterior that is visible to the public. On a broader scale, three main issues significantly affect the urban landscape of cities in Iran. The first issue concerns the increase in unauthorized construction, such as enclosed balconies and rooftop extensions for additional space, and exposed infrastructure elements, including cooling and heating systems, water and electrical ducts, or overhead power lines. The second major challenge is façade deterioration, which is caused by economic and social factors. This deterioration is often exacerbated by a lack of responsibility for the renovation and restoration of urban facades. The problem of disorganization of signs has led business owners to install signs arbitrarily - based on their own judgment and needs - without any supervision or regulation. To address these issues at a micro-scale, three key actions related to the three aforementioned problems should be taken: Trimming out: Removing unnecessary additions and extensions Renovation: Addressing the issue of deterioration Rearrangement: Managing excessive proliferation of signage. Methodology: This research is categorized as fundamental-experimental in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method, and a case study approach was used. The study utilized a questionnaire with open-ended questions, followed by closed-ended questions with a five-point Likert scale. In the first phase, a review of previous studies and theoretical foundations was conducted to create a framework of key indicators affecting the urban landscape organization. In the second phase, these foundational insights were further enriched to increase the depth and validity of the research findings. After these phases, an expert panel was formed. Twelve faculty members from the Faculty of Architecture and Art at the University of Guilan, who were experts in various fields related to the study, were selected as members of the expert panel. To identify and extract the key indicators leading to the research objective, open-ended questionnaires—structured based on findings of the first phase and theoretical foundations—were designed. These questionnaires, along with 2D and 3D visual representations of Rasht Daneshsara Street, were distributed to the expert panel members for evaluation. In the next step, the integration of the indicators derived from the theoretical framework and the criteria proposed by the expert panel members resulted in a new list of influential indicators for the urban landscape organizing. A thorough content review, along with an analysis of the overlap of similar and common criteria, led to the development of a new classification system, which is categorized, summarized, and coded in the following figure: After evaluating the expert panel`s ratings for each indicator in the second round of the Delphi questionnaire, a quantitative analysis was conducted. TOPSIS method was used to rank the indicators. Results: Based on the findings from the questionnaire and TOPSIS technique, the category of indicators related to "renovation" has the greatest impact on improving the quality of urban facades in the studied sample. Conclusion: This study identified 26 influential factors influencing the organization and arrangement of building facades, which were classified into three main groups. In this study, the authors evaluated and prioritized these factors quantitatively: The selection of " Development of implementation criteria for various facade additions" as the main priority shows that the experts are concerned about the fragmented and uncoordinated approach to the composition of the Rasht Daneshsara street facade. Their focus is on achieving a coherent and integrated streetscape, not a fragmented and piecemeal approach. The primary factors exacerbating this visual disturbance along the axis have been identified as commercial and office signs, advertising posters, and awnings. The constant increase of these elements contributes significantly to public dissatisfaction with the chaotic urban landscape. Facade modification, by removing incongruous additions, reveals the hidden architectural values of the built environment. This process highlights the contrast between new materials and the historical fabric. As a result, the implementation of two additional criteria—“the use of appropriate and harmonious materials in repairs and renovations” and “the use of materials that reflect the architectural age”—leads observers to perceive a defined architectural order.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_9250_888d0dc3b77f3978e8a0676b8e91e521.pdf