دانشگاه گیلان دانش شهرسازی 2645-5412 10 1 2026 03 21 The Role of Geometric Principles in Urban Aesthetics نقش اصول هندسی در زیبایی شناسی شهری 1 18 9657 10.22124/upk.2026.31812.2073 FA احمد پناهی مربی، گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و هنر، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران 0000-0003-2972-4750 Journal Article 2025 09 28 Introduction:Throughout history, geometry has served as a fundamental language for ordering space and creating beauty in architecture and urban design. From ancient civilizations to the present, geometric principles such as axis, symmetry, proportion, rhythm, repetition, and hierarchical composition have shaped the physical structure of cities and influenced how people perceive urban environments. During the Renaissance, thinkers like Leon Battista Alberti emphasized the role of numerical and geometric ratios in the creation of beauty, defining harmony as the rational coherence of all parts of a composition. In the Islamic tradition, geometry gained a dual significance; due to the avoidance of human and animal depictions, geometric patterns became the primary visual language for ornamentation and spatial organization. These patterns not only serve decorative purposes but also reflect deeper metaphysical concepts such as unity in diversity and infinity, embodying the divine order and coherence of creation.Contemporary interdisciplinary research in urban studies, environmental psychology, and visual perception has demonstrated that aesthetic qualities of space—including geometric order, proportions, axial organization, rhythm, repetition, symmetry, and hierarchy—are systematically linked to important urban outcomes such as legibility, place attachment, perceived safety, vitality, pedestrian behavior, and even mental health. Urban geometry acts as a common language mediating between form and perception, capable of being elevated from descriptive aesthetics to measurable indicators.However, in many design and regeneration projects, geometry is either reduced to a mere drafting tool or remains dependent on the personal taste of the architect, leading to qualitative instability in urban landscapes and the production of "less legible" urban fabrics. Methodology: This study adopts a qualitative, theoretical-analytical approach. The research is conducted in two main steps. First, a comprehensive literature review was carried out using library resources, including authoritative books and articles in the fields of geometry in architecture and urban design, as well as urban aesthetics. This step aimed to extract the theoretical foundations concerning geometric principles (axis, symmetry, proportion, rhythm, repetition, and geometric compositions) and their role in shaping urban spaces and enhancing aesthetic quality.Second, to explain the practical application of these principles, a case study method was employed. Naqsh-e Jahan Square (Maidan-e Naqsh-e Jahan) in Isfahan, one of the most prominent examples of geometric application in Iranian urban design, was selected. Data related to this case included historical maps, field surveys, architectural drawings, and previously published analytical documents concerning the geometric organization of the square. The analytical procedure consisted of drawing geometric networks and regular polygons (such as pentagons and decagons) onto the square's plan, followed by superimposing the resulting geometric pattern onto the physical elements of the square.Key aspects evaluated included the alignment of main axes, placement of surrounding buildings (Imam Mosque, Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque, Ali Qapu Palace, and Qeysarieh Bazaar entrance), dimensional ratios of the square (length, width, distances between elements), and their comparison with known geometric proportions, including the golden ratio (approximately 1.618). Through this approach, the research adopted a hybrid methodology combining theoretical content analysis with empirical evidence derived from the case study, thereby enabling a systematic evaluation of how geometric principles contribute to the perceived beauty of the urban fabric. Results: The findings confirm that geometric ordering principles—particularly axis, symmetry, proportion, rhythm, and repetition—have historically served as the underlying structure for composing architectural and urban spaces and are recognized as key factors in creating visual order and harmony. The analysis of Naqsh-e Jahan Square revealed that a hidden geometric system based on concentric and rotated squares, as well as intersecting regular pentagons and decagons, was deliberately employed in organizing the square's components .The longitudinal (north-south) axis of the square aligns precisely with one of the primary axes of this hidden geometric network. The Qeysarieh Bazaar entrance to the north and the dome of Imam Mosque to the south are both positioned on this axis, demonstrating the intentional use of a strong geometric axis to organize major urban elements. Ali Qapu Palace in the west and Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque in the east are symmetrically arranged relative to this longitudinal axis and share a common transversal axis, establishing visual equilibrium across the square.Furthermore, the rectangular open space of the square is enclosed by four main lines corresponding to the geometric network derived from the decagon. The overall dimensions of the square—approximately 500 meters in length and 160 meters in width—yield a length-to-width ratio of about 1.6, which is remarkably close to the golden ratio (1.618). Discussion: The results indicate that geometry—as a universal and rational ordering language—plays a fundamental role in shaping the aesthetic qualities of the urban environment. Geometric principles such as axis, symmetry, hierarchy, rhythm, repetition, proportion, and diversity all contribute to the creation of spatial order and unity, ultimately leading to the perception of beauty in the urban landscape. The historical continuity of relying on three-dimensional geometric volumes (cube, cone, cylinder, sphere, and regular polyhedra) in architectural and urban compositions supports Le Corbusier's assertion that "beautiful forms satisfy our senses through mathematics."In the case of Naqsh-e Jahan Square, the strong longitudinal axis serves as a "visual spine" that directs the observer's gaze, creates deep perspectives, and establishes clear focal points at both ends. The symmetrical placement of major buildings (Ali Qapu versus Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque) reinforces visual balance and legibility. The golden-ratio proportions of the square's rectangular field evoke a subconscious sense of "rightness" and harmony, consistent with classical aesthetic theories. Moreover, the rhythmic repetition of two-story arcades (hojrehs) along the square's perimeter, together with the hierarchical geometric ornamentation- from large-scale iwans down to fine tessellated tile patterns- generates a "unified diversity" that keeps the visual experience engaging without becoming chaotic or monotonous. Conclusion: Based on the theoretical foundations and empirical findings of this study, it is concluded that geometry is not merely a technical drawing tool but a fundamental aesthetic device that shapes the perceptual quality of urban spaces. The intelligent application of geometric principles -particularly the reinforcement of visual axes, use of balanced proportions and ratios (e.g., height-to-width ratios of streets and squares, length-to-width ratios of public spaces), integration of symmetry and rhythm, and repetition of modular units across scales- can significantly enhance the legibility, coherence, and aesthetic appeal of contemporary urban environments.For urban design practice, it is recommended that: (1) design guidelines explicitly incorporate geometric principles as scientific-aesthetic criteria, such as recommending coordinated building heights and alignments along significant view corridors, or establishing proportion-based dimensional standards for new public spaces; (2) urban designers and architects be trained to consciously and creatively apply geometric ordering systems rather than relying on arbitrary or purely intuitive compositional methods; and (3) the balance between geometric order and local identity, contextual diversity, and cultural specificities be maintained to avoid monotonous uniformity بیان مسئله: شکل‌گیری ریخت شهرها همواره مبتنی بر به‌کارگیری هندسه بوده است؛ از اجزاء کالبدی خرد مانند معابر، میادین، فضاهای باز تا ترکیب کلان شهر، اصول و قواعد هندسی نقشی اساسی در نظم‌دهی و زیبایی‌شناسی فضاهای شهری دارند. با این وجود، نحوه تأثیرگذاری اصول هندسی مشخص مانند ایجاد محور و رعایت تناسبات بر درک زیبایی شهر به‌صورت نظام‌مند کمتر تبیین شده است. هدف: پژوهش حاضر با هدف تبیین ویژگی‌ها و تأثیرات برخی اصول هندسی کلیدی در زیبایی شناسی ساختار شهر انجام شده است. روش: این مطالعه از نوع نظری تحلیلی کیفی است که با اتکا بر مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و تحلیل موردی انجام شده است. ابتدا مبانی نظری پیرامون نقش هندسه در معماری و شهرسازی مرور شده و سپس به‌عنوان نمونه، هندسه و تناسبات در طراحی میدان تاریخی نقش‌جهان اصفهان مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته است. یافته‌ها: نتایج نظری نشان می‌دهد اصول هندسی نظم‌دهنده‌ای چون محور، تقارن و تناسبات از دیرباز زیربنای ترکیب فضاهای معماری و شهری بوده و عامل ایجاد نظم بصری و هماهنگی قلمداد می‌شوند. تحلیل نمونه موردی حاکی از آن است که سازمان هندسی طرح میدان نقش‌جهان (شبکه‌بندی مبتنی بر اشکال منتظم نظیر چندضلعی‌های منتظم) سبب هم‌راستایی اجزای کالبدی اصلی با محورهای هندسی و تحقق تناسبات طلایی در ابعاد میدان شده است. نتیجه گیری: به‌کارگیری هوشمندانه اصول هندسی در ساختار شهر موجب ایجاد نظم، خوانایی و وحدت در عین تنوع شده و در نتیجه به ارتقای ادراک زیبایی فضاهای شهری می‌انجامد. این یافته‌ها بر ضرورت توجه طراحان شهری به هندسه به‌عنوان ابزار شکل‌دهنده زیباشناسی و کیفیت محیطی تأکید می‌کند.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_9657_0d60ed3db8dfac143f7ad7c56de34178.pdf

دانشگاه گیلان دانش شهرسازی 2645-5412 10 1 2026 03 21 Strategies for Enhancing the Urban System of Gilan Province through a Spatial Planning Approach راهبردهای ارتقاء نظام شهری استان گیلان با رویکرد برنامه‌ریزی فضایی 19 35 9670 10.22124/upk.2026.32279.2087 FA اسماعیل رضا زاده دانشجو دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. علی شیخ اعظمی استادیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده فرهنگ و تمدن، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، تهران ، ایران محمدرضا فرزاد بهتاش استادیار گروه شهرسازی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-6681-7262 سعیده محتشم امیری استادیار گروه شهرسازی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2025 11 15 Introduction: Accordingly, analyzing the urban system of Guilan Province—with an emphasis on urban population dynamics, hierarchical structures, and trends of spatial concentration and balance between 1986 and 2021—provides essential insights into the province’s spatial development challenges and potential pathways for future development. The main research questions are as follows: 1. How has the structure and transformation of Guilan’s urban system evolved over the past half-century? 2. What factors have contributed to the formation and persistence of spatial centralization in the province? What strategies can be proposed, within a spatial planning framework, to enhance spatial and functional balance across Guilan’s urban network? Methodology: This study is applied and analytical in nature and employs a descriptive–analytical and comparative approach to examine the structure and evolution of the urban system of Guilan Province between 1986 and 2021. The objective is to identify trends in urban concentration and population distribution and to propose spatial balancing strategies within the framework of spatial planning. The research data consist of population figures for all cities in the province across five official national census years. Data were obtained from the Statistical Center of Iran and provincial statistical yearbooks and were processed using Excel. Urban population was treated as the primary indicator of each city's position within the urban hierarchy. The analytical process consisted of four stages: Analysis of changes in urban population; Examination of the hierarchical structure; Assessment of spatial concentration and balance; Formulation of spatial balancing strategies. planning. To analyze the data, a comprehensive set of quantitative urban-system models was employed. The Primacy Index, Ginsberg Index, Mehta Index, Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), and MOMA Index were used to assess concentration at the upper levels of the urban hierarchy. The Entropy Index was applied to measure spatial balance, while the Elasticity Model was used to analyze the dynamics of urban population change. Numerical calculations and the plotting of rank–size distributions and concentration curves were performed using Excel. Results: The analysis of demographic and spatial indicators from 1986 to 2021 indicates that Guilan Province’s urban network underwent a gradual transition from a monocentric, Rasht-dominated structure toward a relatively more balanced polycentric system. During the early years (1986 and 1996), the urban population was highly concentrated in Rasht, while other cities played only a limited role in shaping the province’s spatial structure. Over time, however, economic development, improvements in transportation networks, the establishment of industrial zones, and the expansion of services in medium-sized cities contributed to a decline in population concentration and a more even distribution of population across large and medium-sized urban centers. The Entropy Index decreased slightly from 0.723 in 1986 to 0.693 in 2021. Despite this modest decline, when interpreted alongside the other indicators, it suggests increased diversity and a more balanced spatial distribution of population. The Primacy Elasticity Index increased from 0.369 to 0.422, reflecting reduced concentration in the primate city and gradual population growth in second-tier cities, particularly Bandar Anzali, Lahijan, and Talesh. The Mehta and Ginsberg indices also reveal movement toward a more balanced hierarchical structure. The Mehta Index increased from 0.629 in 1986 to 0.697 in 2021, while the Ginsberg Index rose from 1.693 to 2.302, indicating strengthened roles for medium-sized cities and a gradual reduction in Rasht’s absolute dominance. Similarly, the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) increased from 0.162 in 1986 to 0.197 in 2021, signaling reduced extreme concentration and greater spatial competitiveness among cities. The MOMA Index declined from 2.652 to 2.541, demonstrating increased cohesion and relative equality among city sizes. Finally, the Primacy and Bi-City indices provide additional insight. The Primacy Index (the population of the largest city relative to that of the second-largest city) increased from 0.369 to 0.422, while the Bi-City Index (the combined population of the two largest cities relative to the total urban population) rose from 3.445 to 5.996. These changes indicate that although Rasht continues to function as the leading urban center, the second- and third-ranked cities have increasingly absorbed a substantial share of urban growth. Discussion: The longitudinal analysis of demographic and spatial indicators demonstrates a gradual transformation of Guilan’s urban network from a Rasht-centered monocentric structure toward a more balanced and emerging polycentric pattern. Population concentration has moderately declined, while the functional roles of medium-sized cities—such as Bandar Anzali, Lahijan, and Talesh—have expanded. The combined results of the Entropy, Mehta, Ginsberg, HHI, MOMA, and Primacy indices indicate increased spatial convergence, reduced dominance of the primate city, and enhanced multinucleation within the provincial urban system. This evolving spatial configuration creates opportunities to improve the distribution of services, achieve a better balance between employment and housing, and reduce urban pressures on Rasht. Conclusion: The analysis of demographic and spatial trends between 1986 and 2021 provides a comprehensive understanding of the transformations that have occurred within Guilan Province’s urban system. Calculations of key indices—including the Entropy, Mehta, Ginsberg, Herfindahl–Hirschman, MOMA, Primacy, and Bi-City indices—demonstrate a structural transition from a centralized monocentric system toward a more diverse, dynamic, and relatively balanced spatial pattern. Medium-sized and smaller cities have increasingly absorbed population and economic functions, while the dominance of the primary urban center has gradually weakened. This shift reflects an evolving spatial logic in the distribution of population, resources, and capital and indicates a gradual weakening of long-standing centralization tendencies. Based on these trends, and drawing on both quantitative findings and spatial analysis, it is possible to address the key research questions concerning the structure and transformation of the urban system, the drivers of spatial centralization, and appropriate strategies for achieving spatial balance within a spatial planning framework. In summary, over the past five decades, Guilan’s urban system has evolved from a predominantly centralized structure toward a more polycentric configuration. Although this transition has established the foundations for greater spatial balance, achieving a fully efficient, interconnected, and sustainable urban network will require reforms in spatial policy, more equitable resource allocation, and stronger institutional coordination among cities. The future of the province’s spatial development depends on regional planning approaches that prioritize not only physical growth but also spatial justice, environmental sustainability, and functional synergy among urban centers. بیان مسئله: رشد شتابان شهرنشینی و تمرکز جمعیت در چند قطب شهری از چالش‌های اساسی نظام شهری ایران به شمار می‌رود. استان گیلان به‌عنوان یکی از نواحی شمالی کشور، در دهه‌های اخیر دستخوش دگرگونی‌های فضایی چشمگیری در ساختار نظام شهری خود شده است. تمرکز جمعیت و فعالیت‌های اقتصادی و خدماتی در شهر رشت و در مقابل، رکود نسبی شهرهای میانی و کوچک، موجب بروز نابرابری فضایی و گسست در شبکه سکونتگاهی استان گردیده است. هدف: پژوهش حاضر با هدف تحلیل کمی تحولات نظام شهری گیلان در بازه زمانی ۱۳۶۵ تا ۱۴۰۰ و ارائه راهبردهایی برای تعادل‌بخشی فضایی در چارچوب برنامه‌ریزی فضایی انجام شده است. روش: روش تحقیق از نوع کاربردی–تحلیلی است و داده‌های مورد نیاز از سرشماری‌های عمومی نفوس و مسکن و آمارنامه‌های رسمی استخراج شده است. برای تحلیل روند تمرکز و تعادل در شبکه شهری، از مدل‌ها و شاخص‌های کمی شامل رتبه–اندازه، گینزبرگ، مهتا، هرفیندال–هیرشمن، موما، آنتروپی و کشش‌پذیری شهری استفاده شده است. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان می‌دهد که ساختار نظام شهری گیلان در تمامی دوره‌های آماری مورد بررسی، دارای گرایش بالا به تمرکز جمعیتی و عملکردی در شهر رشت بوده و الگوی نخست‌شهری بر سلسله‌مراتب شهری استان حاکم است. با وجود کاهش نسبی تمرکز از دهه ۱۳۸۰ به بعد و رشد تدریجی برخی شهرهای میانی، این شهرها هنوز نتوانسته‌اند نقش تعادلی مؤثری در شبکه شهری ایفا کنند. نتیجه‌گیری: در مجموع، نظام شهری گیلان همچنان در مرحله گذار از تمرکز به تعادل نسبی قرار دارد. برای دستیابی به پایداری فضایی و تعادل جمعیتی در استان، راهبردهایی مانند تقویت کارکردهای اقتصادی و خدماتی شهرهای میانی، تمرکززدایی از رشت، ایجاد خوشه‌های شهری منطقه‌ای، و توسعه زیرساخت‌های ارتباطی میان شهرهای استان پیشنهاد می‌شود.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_9670_8cd1a7ac451117cb7bdefa165ebece2f.pdf

دانشگاه گیلان دانش شهرسازی 2645-5412 10 1 2026 03 21 Analyzing the Hidden Structures of Spatial Intelligence and the Formation of Local Communities: A usage of Space Syntax in the Central Fabric of Bojnord City تحلیل ساختارهای پنهان هوشمندی فضایی و شکل‌گیری اجتماعات محلی؛ کاربرد روش چیدمان فضا در بافت مرکزی شهر بجنورد 36 55 9669 10.22124/upk.2026.32273.2089 FA مصطفی بهزادفر استاد، گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم وصنعت ایران، تهران، ایران عاطفه صداقتی پژوهشگر پست دکتری شهرسازی، گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم وصنعت ایران، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2025 11 14 Introduction: In contemporary urban design, the role of spatial configuration in shaping local interactions and fostering urban communities has gained increasing attention. The concept of spatial intelligence reflects the ability of urban space to guide behavior, movement, and social interaction—an area that still requires extensive investigation at both urban and neighborhood scales. This study aims to uncover the hidden structures of spatial intelligence and examine their relationship with the formation of local communities in the city of Bojnord. Methodology: Street-network data for the central urban fabric of Bojnord were processed using the Space Syntax method and Depthmap software. Network indicators were analyzed across four main categories: (1) movement and accessibility, (2) routes and flow, (3) local and network properties, and (4) geometric characteristics, forming a comprehensive analytical framework for interpretation. Results: The results reveal that segments with high integration, accessibility, and choice values constitute the core of the network, guiding major movement flows and shaping residents’ social interactions. Secondary segments with moderate levels of connectivity and control create localized nodes of sociability at the neighborhood scale. A comparative analysis with the city’s neighborhood map indicates that areas adjacent to the primary urban corridors benefit most from spatial integration and network connectivity, whereas peripheral neighborhoods play a more limited role. After generating the axial map and conducting the initial analysis of connectivity and line length, the next stage involved performing graph analysis in Depthmap. Through this process, the complete spatial graph of the street network was generated, and an analytical table containing configurational metrics and related variables was obtained (Table 1). This table served as the basis for a more detailed examination of the hidden relational structures within the spatial network and for assessing the role of each line in shaping movement patterns and the formation of local communities in the central urban fabric of Bojnord. Discussion: A These patterns reflect the embedded spatial intelligence of the urban fabric, indicating that the street network and built form can autonomously organize daily movement, social flows, and local interactions without relying solely on institutional decisions or advanced technologies. The comparative analysis of the street network in the central fabric of Bojnord and the existing neighborhood map demonstrates that neighborhoods located adjacent to major urban corridors, such as Shahid Taleghani, Imam Khomeini, and Shahid Beheshti, contain a substantial portion of the core street network and exhibit the highest levels of spatial integration, accessibility, and network connectivity. Owing to their strategic location along these principal corridors, these neighborhoods play a central role in shaping movement flows and local social interactions. Their main streets predominantly appear within the red and orange ranges of the axial map, indicating a high degree of spatial significance (e.g., Shariati-e Shomali, Chaharshanbeh Bazaar, Ghiam, and Jajarmi neighborhoods). In contrast, neighborhoods located at a relative distance from these primary corridors, represented by the blue spectrum of the axial map, benefit less from spatial integration and network connectivity. Consequently, they play a more limited role in directing everyday movement flows and fostering local social interactions (e.g., Dehkhoda, Mirza Kuchak Khan, and Energy neighborhoods). This pattern demonstrates that the spatial configuration of the central street network not only identifies the principal urban corridors and the core movement structure but also highlights the functional differentiation among neighborhoods based on their relative positions within the network. These findings provide a valuable basis for identifying local sociability hotspots and guiding urban design interventions aimed at strengthening neighborhood-level connectivity and enhancing social cohesion. Conclusion: The findings highlight the latent spatial intelligence embedded within the central urban fabric of Bojnord and demonstrate that the street-network structure, even in the absence of smart technologies, possesses an inherent capacity to facilitate social interaction and strengthen neighborhood cohesion. The study provides a practical analytical framework for identifying urban potentialities and supporting sustainable, context-sensitive urban regeneration strategies. The spatial analysis, when overlaid with the neighborhood map, indicates that neighborhoods adjacent to major corridors such as Taleghani, Imam Khomeini, and Shahid Beheshti exhibit the highest levels of accessibility and network connectivity, thereby playing a central role in local social flows and neighborhood activities. In contrast, peripheral neighborhoods with lower spatial indices benefit less from these advantages and possess a more limited capacity to foster social interaction. These findings suggest that the spatial structure of traditional and medium-sized Iranian cities, such as Bojnord, holds considerable potential for strengthening local communities and facilitating sustainable urban regeneration. Compared with previous studies conducted in historic Iranian cities and international contexts, the primary contribution of this research lies in the explicit linkage it establishes between quantitative spatial-configuration indicators, street-network structure, and the latent spatial intelligence embedded in social interactions and urban movement patterns. The findings demonstrate that even within traditional urban fabrics, and in the absence of advanced technologies, spatial configurations themselves can generate a form of urban intelligence. This provides a robust basis for targeted planning and urban design interventions aimed at enhancing social cohesion and improving overall urban performance. بیان مسئله: در طراحی شهری معاصر، نقش چیدمان فضایی در شکل‌گیری تعاملات محلی و اجتماعات شهری اهمیت زیادی دارد. مفهوم «هوشمندی فضایی» نشان‌دهنده توانایی فضا در هدایت رفتار، تعامل و حرکت ساکنان است، آنچه در بررسی در مقیاس شهری و محله‌ای هنوز جای مطالعه بسیار دارد. هدف: این پژوهش با هدف کشف ساختارهای پنهان هوشمندی فضایی و بررسی رابطه آن با شکل‌گیری اجتماعات محلی در شهر بجنورد انجام شد. روش: داده‌های شبکه معابر بافت مرکزی از طریق روش چیدمان فضا و نرم‌افزار دپس‌مپ پردازش شدند و شاخص‌های شبکه‌ای در چهار دسته اصلی شامل حرکتی و دسترسی، مسیر و جریان، محلی و شبکه، و هندسی تحلیل گردیدند. یافته‌ها: یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهند که محورهای با یکپارچگی و دسترسی و انتخاب مسیر بالا، هسته مرکزی شبکه را شکل می‌دهند و جریان‌های حرکتی و تعاملات اجتماعی ساکنان را هدایت می‌کنند؛ محورهای فرعی با اتصالات محلی و کنترل متوسط نقاط اجتماع‌پذیر محله‌ای را ایجاد می‌کنند. تحلیل تطبیقی با نقشه محلات نشان می‌دهد که محلات مجاور محورهای اصلی، بیشترین بهره‌مندی از شبکه و هم‌پیوندی فضایی را دارند، در حالی که محلات پیرامونی از نقش محدودتری برخوردارند. این الگوها بیانگر هوشمندی فضایی نهفته در بافت است؛ یعنی شبکه معابر و ساختار کالبدی بافت می‌تواند خود به‌صورت توزیع‌شده، جریان‌های اجتماعی، حرکت روزمره و تعاملات محلی را هدایت و هماهنگ کند، بدون آنکه تماماً تابع تصمیمات نهادی یا فناوری‌های نوین باشد. نتیجه گیری: این نتایج، هوشمندی فضایی نهفته در بافت مرکزی شهر را برجسته می‌کند و نشان می‌دهد که ساختار شبکه معابر، حتی بدون فناوری‌های پیشرفته، قابلیت هدایت تعاملات اجتماعی و تقویت پیوند محله‌ای را دارد. پژوهش حاضر ابزاری عملی برای شناسایی ظرفیت‌های بالقوه شهری و طراحی بازآفرینی پایدار شهری فراهم می‌آورد.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_9669_aaf735280525ac5e94bf0f69a231f44f.pdf

دانشگاه گیلان دانش شهرسازی 2645-5412 10 1 2026 03 21 The Impact of Urban Built Environment Components on Mental Health: A Systematic Review تأثیر مؤلفه‌های محیط ساخته‌شده شهری بر سلامت روان: یک مرور نظام‌مند 56 73 9666 10.22124/upk.2025.30781.2034 FA زینب اکبری سرحمامی پژوهشگر دکتری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت، تهران، ایران مهران علی‌الحسابی دانشیار، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-0908-0516 Journal Article 2025 05 27 Introduction: With the rapid growth of urbanization and significant changes in the physical and social structures of cities, concerns about the impact of urban environments on mental health have intensified. Recent studies highlight those factors such as access to green spaces, housing quality, building density, and perceived safety are closely associated with mental health indicators, including depression, anxiety, and psychological well-being. This study aims to systematically review empirical research conducted between 2014 and 2024 to identify patterns in how components of the built urban environment influence the mental health of urban residents. Methodology: This study employed a systematic review approach based on the PRISMA framework to examine empirical research from the past decade concerning the impact of urban and built-environment components on mental health. A structured search was conducted across three major databases—PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar—using keywords related to urban environments and mental health. The search was limited to English-language original research articles published between 2014 and 2024. Following a multi-stage screening process and full-text review, 26 eligible studies were included in the final analysis. Data were extracted regarding study design, mental health assessment tools, and environmental variables and were analyzed using a combination of descriptive statistics and thematic synthesis to identify temporal trends and conceptual patterns in the relationship between urban environments and mental health. Results: Of the 575 records initially identified across PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar (2014–2024), 26 empirical studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final review. These studies employed diverse methodologies, predominantly cross-sectional designs, with only four studies utilizing longitudinal approaches. The studies were conducted across various countries, with China contributing the largest number of publications. Sample sizes varied substantially, ranging from fewer than 150 participants to more than 500,000, thereby enabling both detailed case-level insights and broader population-level generalizations. Several studies reported consistent associations between urban environmental factors—such as access to green space, housing quality, neighborhood safety, and spatial density—and mental health indicators, including depression, anxiety, and psychological distress. For example, higher levels of residential greenness were frequently associated with lower levels of stress and depressive symptoms, whereas poor neighborhood infrastructure and perceived insecurity were associated with poorer mental health outcomes. These findings underscore the importance of built-environment design in shaping mental well-being in urban settings. Discussion: The systematic review reveals a temporal shift in the way scholars conceptualize the relationship between urban environments and mental health. Earlier studies (2000–2010) predominantly focused on the psychological harms associated with poor housing quality, overcrowding, and environmental disorder. More recent research (2015–2021), however, has emphasized the salutogenic (health-promoting) role of urban features such as green space, neighborhood walkability, housing quality, and social cohesion. These features are increasingly recognized as environmental assets capable of mitigating depression, anxiety, and perceived stress. Furthermore, the thematic synthesis of the reviewed studies identified key mediating pathways—including social interaction, perceived safety, sense of belonging, and physical activity—through which urban environments influence mental health. These pathways are visually integrated into the conceptual framework presented in Figure 1, which summarizes the dynamic interplay between physical and social components of the urban environment and psychological outcomes. This evolving perspective underscores the importance of incorporating mental health considerations into urban design and planning processes in order to foster resilient and healthy communities. Conclusion: This systematic review confirms that the urban built environment plays a crucial role in shaping mental health outcomes. While earlier studies from the 2000s highlighted the adverse psychological effects of poor housing conditions, more recent research (2015–2021) has shifted toward identifying protective environmental factors such as green-space accessibility, urban design quality, walkability, safety, and social cohesion. These components contribute to improved mental well-being through mechanisms such as enhanced social interaction, reduced environmental stress, and increased physical activity. However, the magnitude and direction of these effects are context-dependent, particularly in developing countries, where urban poverty, overcrowding, and inadequate infrastructure may amplify negative outcomes. The available evidence underscores the need for people-centered urban policies that integrate mental health considerations into planning processes, promote equity through inclusive design, and ensure community participation, thereby advancing both preventive mental health strategies and sustainable urban development. بیان مسئله: رشد شتابان شهرنشینی در دهه‌های اخیر همراه با تحولات کالبدی و اجتماعی در فضاهای شهری، تأثیرات چندلایه‌ای بر سلامت روان ساکنان شهرها بر جای گذاشته است. در این میان، عناصر محیط ساخته‌شده مانند فضاهای سبز، کیفیت مسکن، تراکم، طراحی معابر و انسجام اجتماعی، نقش معناداری در شکل‌گیری وضعیت روانی افراد ایفا می‌کنند. با وجود تعدد مطالعات تجربی در این حوزه، نبود یک مرور نظام‌مند جامع که بتواند الگوهای مشترک و شکاف‌های موجود را تحلیل کند، محسوس است. هدف: هدف پژوهش حاضر، مرور نظام‌مند مطالعات تجربی انجام‌شده در یک دهه اخیر (۲۰۱۴–2024) پیرامون تأثیر مؤلفه‌های کالبدی و اجتماعی محیط شهری بر سلامت روان، با هدف استخراج الگوهای علی و راهبردهای مداخله‌ای مبتنی بر شواهد است. روش: مطالعه با رویکرد مرور نظام‌مند بر اساس چارچوب PRISMA و با جستجو در پایگاه‌های PubMed، ScienceDirect و Google Scholar انجام شد. پس از غربالگری ۵۷۵ رکورد اولیه، در نهایت ۲۶ مطالعه تجربی واجد شرایط وارد تحلیل نهایی شدند. داده‌ها از طریق روش تماتیک و تحلیل مقایسه‌ای در قالب محورهای مفهومی استخراج گردیدند. یافته‌ها: یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد مؤلفه‌هایی مانند سبزینگی، طراحی شهری، انسجام اجتماعی، و کیفیت سکونت‌گاه‌ها از طریق متغیرهای میانجی مانند کاهش استرس، افزایش تعامل اجتماعی و حس تعلق، تأثیر مثبتی بر سلامت روان دارند. این تأثیرات در بافت‌های پرجمعیت و کشورهای در حال توسعه ملموس‌تر است. نتیجه گیری: مرور حاضر بر اهمیت طراحی محیط شهری انسان‌محور تأکید دارد. تدوین سیاست‌های مبتنی بر شواهد که به عناصر ارتقاءدهنده سلامت روان توجه داشته باشند، می‌تواند نقش مؤثری در بهبود کیفیت زندگی ساکنان شهری ایفا کند. نقشه مفهومی ارائه‌شده نیز چارچوبی برای تحلیل و مداخله در سطح سیاست‌گذاری فراهم می‌آورد.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_9666_88dba7cd1a908b2edb88babc49f3fc41.pdf

دانشگاه گیلان دانش شهرسازی 2645-5412 10 1 2026 03 21 Psychological Effectiveness of Biophilic Design in Urban Space: A Systematic Review تبیین اثربخشی روانشناختی طراحی بایوفیلیک در فضای شهری: یک مرور نظام‌مند 74 99 9667 10.22124/upk.2026.31198.2045 FA فاطمه شاهوران پژوهشگر دکتری شهرسازی-طراحی شهری، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران 0000-0002-5510-2309 مریم روستا دانشیار طراحی شهری، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران حسن ایزدی دانشیار برنامه‌ریزی شهری، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران Journal Article 2025 07 15 Introduction: Biophilic design is known as a nature-friendly design philosophy for sustainable development, which, in combination with psychological effects, can lead to the creation of an urban space with desirable environmental quality. Understanding urban environments through everyday experiences with direct or indirect contact with nature allows urban designers and planners to shape design strategies for the sustainability of a biophilic city based on mental health. It seems that this research gap can be somewhat integrated and improved by a systematic review of the literature in this field. The present study aims to review research related to the field of biophilic design literature and mental health and psychological recovery in the specific field of urban design studies based on a systematic review method and descriptive and qualitative content analysis. Methodology: In order to apply the systematic review method using the Prisma checklist, a structured brainstorming search was first conducted by setting the objectives, research questions, and key concepts of the research field. In the first step, the keywords biophilic, biophilic design, mental health, psychology, and urban space (and in some cases, several similar terms such as public space, urban place, and public place) were searched in the field of urban planning and design studies and in the scientific databases "Science Direct", "Taylor & Francis", "Sage", and "MDPI" and using the search engines "Web of Science" and "PubMed" and in the period from 2014 to 2024 (the last decade of the last century), and 548 articles were found. Also, in order to optimize the article search process, the keywords were used experimentally several times in combination with each other. In the second step, with the aim of examining related topics, less relevant or unrelated articles to the field of urban planning and design were eliminated, and 244 studies were selected, which was reduced to 215 by eliminating duplicate articles. In the third step, 145 articles were selected by eliminating duplicate and inaccessible articles in the field of urban design, and 74 articles were selected in the initial screening based on title review and abstract overview. In the final step, relatively relevant items were eliminated, and 36 completely relevant articles were selected by reviewing the structure and content of the other two types. In this step, after a complete and detailed review of the content, non-applicable articles were eliminated, and in the end, 28 articles were selected as selected articles, which were analyzed in descriptive and qualitative fields of content. In relation to the descriptive analysis of content, the time of publication, research journal, geographical origin, type of study scale, and research method and approach were examined. Results: The results show that the importance of this issue has been considered in the last five years, mainly in European and American countries. Qualitative findings also indicate that the selected studies were mainly place-based with a combined quantitative-qualitative approach. These studies focused on ten cognitive categories in the field of the most important concerns related to biophilic design and mental health and psychological recovery. The psychological effectiveness of biophilic design in urban space can also be realized within the framework of six main fields. The emotional-cognitive categories and green natural landscape are the most research focus areas, and the perceptual-cognitive and environmental fields are among the most practical fields in defining the framework of the psychological effectiveness of biophilic design in urban space. Also, in the content structure of these studies, health and biophilic design have the most connection and relationship with the concepts of restoration or recovery, stress, and urban green space. Discussion: Evidence from the qualitative findings shows that; in general, by considering three areas; environmental aspects, human aspects and human-environment interaction aspects, an urban space can be designed that improves the quality of nature and ensures the mental health of citizens. Therefore, it seems that 1- The psychological effectiveness of biophilic design in urban space can be evaluated and designed or redesigned with a framework consisting of perceptual-cognitive, environmental, physical-visual, social, activity-functional and personality study fields. 2- The most important concepts related to the relationship between biophilic design and mental health are known in the emotional-cognitive categories, green natural landscape, environmental perception and cognitive sciences, water-sensitive landscape, livability, welfare and well-being of citizens, human experience, activity diversity, social sustainability and social groups. Meanwhile, the main focus of studies on emotional-cognitive categories and green natural landscapes can indicate that biophilic design as an environmental approach in sustainable development has a close connection with the psychological process of humans as citizens and users of urban space. 3- It seems that from the perspective of the content challenge, by completing the existing literature and the necessity of re-prioritizing the field of environmental sustainability and its related concepts, the application of this approach can be linked to the research field of urban planning and design with an emphasis on more health-orientedness, which will also be the foundation of the executive field. Conclusion: Despite the volume of studies conducted in the field of biophilic design, the findings of the present study can achieve deeper insight into the psychological effectiveness of this type of nature-friendly design. Also, by providing a theoretical foundation for research and studies related to the literature on nature-friendly and health-oriented design, it can be a guide for future research in various fields of thematic literature, methodology, concerns, and challenges, especially in the context of domestic research studies. بیان مسئله: طراحی بایوفیلیک به‌مثابه یک فلسفه طراحی دوستدار طبیعت در جهت توسعه پایدار شناخته می‌شود که در تطبیق با اثرات روانشناسانه می‌‌تواند به خلق فضای شهری با کیفیت محیطی مطلوب منجر شود. شناخت محیط‌های شهری بواسطه تجربیات روزمره با تماس مستقیم یا غیرمستقیم با طبیعت به طراحان و برنامه‌ریزان شهری این امکان را می‌دهد تا راهبردهای طراحی را در جهت پایداری یک شهر بایوفیلیک مبتنی بر سلامت روان شکل دهند. به نظر می‌رسد این شکاف تحقیقاتی با یک مرور نظام‌یافته می‌تواند تا حدودی ادبیات موضوعی این حوزه را منسجم‌ کرده و بهبود بخشد. هدف: پژوهش پیش‌رو با هدف مرور پژوهش‌های مرتبط با حوزه ادبیات طراحی بایوفیلیک و سلامت روان و بازیابی روانشناختی در زمینه خاص مطالعات طراحی شهری مبتنی بر روش مرور سیستماتیک و تحلیل توصیفی و کیفی محتوا انجام شده است. روش: پس از بررسی پژوهش‌ها در پایگاه‌های علمی داده مرتبط با زمینه طراحی شهری و حذف و پایش مقالات طی فرآیندی مبتنی بر چارچوب پریزما، 28 مطالعه انتخاب شده و زمان انتشار، نشریه، خاستگاه پژوهش، نوع مقیاس مطالعاتی، روش و رویکرد پژوهش، تمرکز اهداف مطالعاتی و یافته‌های پژوهشی آن‌ها مورد بررسی و تحلیل قرار گرفته است. یافته‌ها: یافته‌های پژوهش، بیان‌گر آن است که اثربخشی روانشناختی طراحی بایوفیلیک در فضای شهری با چارچوبی متشکل از زمینه‌های مطالعات ادراکی-شناختی، زیست‌محیطی، کالبدی-بصری، اجتماعی، فعالیتی-عملکردی و شخصیتی می‌تواند مورد ارزیابی قرار گیرد. هم‌چنین مهم‌ترین مفاهیم مرتبط با ارتباط میان طراحی بایوفیلیک و سلامت روان در مقولات احساسی-شناختی، منظر طبیعی سبز، ادراک محیطی و علوم شناختی، منظر حساس به آب، زیست‌پذیری، رفاه و بهزیستی شهروندی، تجربه انسانی، تنوع فعالیتی، پایداری اجتماعی و گروه‌های اجتماعی آمده است. نتیجه گیری: طراحی بایوفیلیک، ضمن کاهش مهم‌ترین چالش‌های سلامت روان یعنی استرس، اضطراب و افسردگی، احساس آرامش، شادی و امنیت را به همراه می‌آورد و در سطوح بالاتر ضمن تأثیر بر فرآیند یادگیری، بر افزایش خلاقیت نیز اثرگذار است. یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر می‌تواند بینش و تحلیل عمیق‌تری در حوزه اثربخشی روانشناختی طراحی دوستدار طبیعت به جامعه پژوهشی ارائه دهد. این دستاوردها هم‌چنین می‌تواند راهنمایی برای پژوهش‌های آتی در این زمینه بوده و در تدوین راهبردها و دستورالعمل‌ها در جامعه حرفه‌ای برنامه‌ریزی و طراحی شهری مورد کاربست قرار گیرد.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_9667_86607263eeb46ea4366fbed20f50634a.pdf

دانشگاه گیلان دانش شهرسازی 2645-5412 10 1 2026 03 21 Evaluation of Housing Projects Based on Zero Energy Building Indicators (Mehr Pardisan Housing, Qom City) ارزیابی پروژه های مسکن بر اساس شاخص های ساختمان انرژی صفر (مسکن مهر پردیسان شهر قم) 100 117 9672 10.22124/upk.2026.32547.2107 FA سعید زنگنه شهرکی استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری دانشکده جغرافیا دانشگاه تهران ، تهران ، ایران مصطفی توکلی نغمه دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری دانشکده جغرافیا دانشگاه تهران ، تهران ، ایران امین محمودی آذر جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری دانشکده جغرافیا دانشگاه تهران ، تهران ، ایران حبیب محمودی چناری استادیار گروه مطالعات ناحیه ای پژوهشکده محیط زیست جهاد دانشگاهی کشور Journal Article 2025 12 15 Introduction: Urbanization is widely recognized as one of the most prominent phenomena of the contemporary era, to the extent that the present age is often referred to as the era of urbanization. According to United Nations projections, by 2050, nearly 70% of the world's population will reside in urban areas. The rapid growth of cities has generated major developmental challenges in many countries around the world. Among these challenges, various forms of environmental pollution in urban areas are particularly significant. In this context, it can be argued that the root cause of many urban environmental problems is excessive energy consumption, especially the reliance on non-renewable energy sources. Two major crises currently threaten the future of humanity: the depletion of fossil fuel resources and the environmental degradation caused by the indiscriminate use of these fuels. Buildings account for approximately 40% of primary energy consumption, 70% of electricity consumption, and 36% of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. The publication of such statistics has encouraged governments, particularly in developed countries, to adopt innovative approaches in the construction sector, among which zero-energy and zero-carbon buildings have emerged as important solutions. In Iran, energy consumption, particularly in the building sector, also presents significant and noteworthy challenges. Methodology: This research was conducted using a descriptive–analytical approach based on both library and field research methods. To achieve the research objectives, the study was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, which involved a review of the theoretical literature, an effort was made to compile the latest scientific findings, theoretical foundations, indicators, and criteria relevant to the research. In the second stage, field data were collected through a Likert-scale questionnaire and subsequently analyzed using SPSS software. To develop the questionnaire items, eight indicators were considered: reduction of heat exchange, thermal performance of windows, green roofs, carbon dioxide emissions, wind energy utilization, water energy utilization, solar energy utilization, and energy consumption. Following the collection of citizens’ opinions regarding these indicators, the data were analyzed in SPSS using a one-sample t-test to assess the current status of the indicators in the study area and an ANOVA test to compare neighborhoods in terms of the selected indicators and variables. In addition, neighborhoods were ranked according to zero-carbon housing indicators using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Results: The results of the ANOVA analysis, conducted to compare neighborhoods in terms of zero-carbon housing indicators, indicate that Neighborhood 1 achieved the most favorable conditions among the studied neighborhoods. Comparisons with the remaining neighborhoods revealed consistently lower performance levels, suggesting that Neighborhood 1 demonstrates the highest degree of compatibility with zero-carbon housing indicators. In contrast, Shahrek Neighborhood exhibited the least favorable performance across the evaluated indicators. The comparative results show that this neighborhood performed significantly worse than the other neighborhoods with respect to the eight selected indicators and therefore represents the weakest area in terms of compatibility with zero-carbon housing criteria. Discussion: The analysis of the research data was conducted in three stages. The first stage involved a descriptive analysis of respondents’ characteristics, while the second focused on a descriptive examination of their responses. In the third stage, inferential statistical analyses were performed. Initially, a one-sample t-test was employed to evaluate the status of the selected indicators. Based on the findings, residential buildings in the Pardisan area of Qom demonstrated relatively favorable conditions in terms of wall thermal capacity, energy consumption, and solar energy utilization. However, with regard to the remaining indicators examined in this study, the buildings did not achieve acceptable levels of compliance with zero-carbon housing standards. Conclusion: This study was conducted to evaluate the condition of residential buildings and housing units in District 8 of Qom City in terms of their compatibility with zero-carbon housing indicators and criteria. Due to the limited availability of objective data, field data were collected through a questionnaire survey. A one-sample t-test was used to assess the degree of compliance of residential buildings with zero-carbon housing standards. The findings indicated that wall thermal capacity (2.8), energy consumption (9.7), and solar energy utilization (4.9) demonstrated relatively favorable conditions compared with the other indicators examined. Furthermore, the results of the ANOVA analysis comparing neighborhoods in terms of compatibility with zero-carbon housing indicators confirmed the favorable condition of Neighborhood 1 and the unfavorable condition of Shahrek Neighborhood relative to the other twelve neighborhoods within the study area. These findings highlight significant spatial disparities in the implementation of zero-carbon housing principles across the neighborhoods of District 8 of Qom. بیان مسئله: یکی از مفاهیم تقریبا جدید که در ادبیات برنامه ریزی مسکن مطرح شده است ، مفوم مسکن کربن صفر است که بر صرفه جویی در مصرف انرژی و نیز میزان مصرف انرژی تاکید دارد. موضوع مسکن کربن صفر در سال های اخیر مورد توجه پژوهشگران در حوزه مسکن بوده است. هدف: در این پژوهش که با روش توصیفی – تحلیلی و مبتنی بر روش مطالعات کتابخانه ای و میدانی صورت گرفته است ، هدف بررسی وضعیت محدوده منطقه 8 شهرداری قم از جهت تناسب با شاخص ها و مولفه های مسکن کربن صفر بوده است روش: برای این منظور پرسشنامه ای تنظیم و در حجم نمونه 386 نفری در محدوده توزیع شده است. در تحلیل یافته ها از آزمون های t تک نمونه ای و آنووا به منظور مقایسه محلات استفاده شده است. یافته‌ها: نتایج بیانگر این مطلب بود که دراغلب شاخص ها تناسبی مشاهده نمی شود. فقط در سه شاخص ظرفیت حرارتی جداره با مقدار 2/8 ،مصرف انرژی با مقدار 7/9 و استفاده از انرژی خورشید با مقدار 9/4 وضعیت نسبتا مطلوبی داشته است. همچنین نتایج آزمون آنووا به منظور مقایسه محلات مختلف از حیث تناسب با شاخص های مسکن کربن صفر نیز بیانگر وضعیت محله 1 و وضعیت بد محله شهرک نسبت به سایر محلات دوازده گانه محدوده مورد مطالعه دارد. نتیجه گیری: به طور کلی نتایج علی رغم تفاوت های محسوس میان محلات مختلف بیانگر وضعیت مطلوب از حیث شاخص های مدیریت بهینه انرژی بوده است.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_9672_91af4e69a0ccd6755fa4aac47398641a.pdf

دانشگاه گیلان دانش شهرسازی 2645-5412 10 1 2026 03 21 Modeling the Factors Influencing the Degradation of Urban Natural Assets: A Case Study of Yazd City مدل‌سازی عوامل مؤثر بر تخریب سرمایه‌های طبیعی شهر(مطالعه موردی: شهر یزد) 118 139 9664 10.22124/upk.2026.30038.2014 FA طاها ربانی استادیار، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران فاطمه رضایی صدرآبادی کارشناس ارشد، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران Journal Article 2025 03 05 Introduction: Rapid urbanization in arid regions like Yazd disrupts ecological sustainability, aggravating challenges such as air pollution, biodiversity loss, and land subsidence. Characterized by a fragile desert ecosystem, Yazd suffers from severe natural asset degradation, including the systemic destruction of historical qanats, agricultural orchards, and peripheral green spaces. This research adopts a systems-based analytical approach to identify, categorize, and model the socio-economic, institutional, and environmental driving forces behind this decline. Moving beyond descriptive environmental reporting, the study maps the complex causal feedback loops that perpetuate asset degradation, ultimately providing urban planners with a strategic, targeted tool for ecological intervention. Methodology: This study employs a mixed-methods framework combining environmental scanning, semi-structured expert interviews, and quantitative Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) to analyze complex socio-ecological interactions. Seventeen regional environmental specialists and urban planners were selected through purposive sampling. The research followed three phases: identifying primary variables via Delphi consultations; designing individual cognitive maps with directional weights (-1 to +1); and executing system simulations. Individual matrices were aggregated into a collective FCM using Mental Modeler software to measure system complexity, density, centrality, and out-degree/in-degree ratios. Results: The aggregated FCM revealed a highly dense, interconnected network where specific policy interventions trigger cascading effects across the ecosystem. Variables were classified into transmitter, receiver, and ordinary categories.Simulation results highlighted three core degradation clusters: institutional loopholes (weak zoning enforcement and land speculation serving as primary transmitter variables), economic pressures (monetization of urban peripheral land and dried qanats), and biophysical constraints (groundwater depletion and drought cycles). Notably, "Land Speculation" and "Inadequate Environmental Regulations" exhibited the highest centrality indices, marking them as the primary operational leverage points within the system. Discussion :The findings reveal that the degradation of natural assets in Yazd is fundamentally rooted in institutional and economic failures rather than purely biophysical limitations. While regional aridity plays a role, horizontal urban sprawl and land monetization primarily accelerate ecological collapse. Traditional top-down master plans consistently fail to value intangible ecosystem services. Unlike static decision-making frameworks, the FCM model captures non-linear feedback loops where degraded natural capital worsens urban public health and intensifies the urban heat island effect, trapping the city in a cycle of environmental decline and resource-intensive interventions. Conclusion: This study developed a dynamic diagnosis of urban natural asset degradation in Yazd, illustrating how market-driven land use and institutional inefficiencies dominate the ecological landscape. To mitigate these systemic issues, the research recommends adopting a "compact city" planning model, integration of environmental economic accounting into municipal budgets, and strict legal protection for natural capital corridors. Future studies should focus on implementing dynamic policy scenarios within this FCM framework to predict the long-term impacts of specific regulatory reforms. بیان مسئله: رشد شتابان و ناموزون شهرنشینی بدون توجه به توان‌های اکولوژیک، موجب تخریب دارایی‌های طبیعی و بروز چالش‌های حاد زیست‌محیطی شده است. سرمایه‌های طبیعی شهری نقشی حیاتی در بهبود کیفیت هوا، کاهش جزایر گرمایی و ارتقای سلامت و زیست‌پذیری دارند؛ اما دشواری ارزش‌گذاری آن‌ها سبب غفلت در تصمیم‌گیری‌های شهری می‌شود. شهر کویری یزد با محدودیت شدید سرانه فضای سبز و تخریب گسترده باغات سنتی، نمونه‌ای بارز از این بحران است. شناسایی عوامل کلیدی تخریب این دارایی های میتواند در سیاست های کنترل این تخریب موثر باشد هدف: این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر تخریب دارایی‌های طبیعی شهر یزد و تحلیل روابط متقابل آن‌ها بر پایه مفاهیم مدیریت منابع، نقشه‌های شناختی فازی (FCM) و تحلیل پیچیدگی سیستم‌ها انجام شده است. روش: پژوهش حاضر از نظر روش‌شناسی ترکیبی است. داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته و پرسش‌نامه‌های مبتنی بر نقشه شناختی فازی از ۱۷ نفر از متخصصان محیط‌زیست و برنامه‌ریزی شهری گردآوری شد. تحلیل ساختاری و محاسبه شاخص‌های پیچیدگی سیستم با روش نقشه‌های شناختی فازی صورت گرفت. یافته‌ها: سیستم تخریب دارایی‌های طبیعی یزد ماهیتی کاملاً پیچیده و غیرخطی دارد؛ به‌طوری که تراکم سیستم ۷۹۵/۰ و میانگین تعداد ارتباطات به‌ازای هر عنصر ۹۳/۱۱ است. عوامل مؤثر در ۷ محور اصلی شناسایی شدند: عوامل محیط‌زیستی و اقلیمی (۷ عامل)، حمل‌ونقل و انرژی (۶ عامل)، اقتصادی و توسعه‌ای (۵ عامل)، جمعیتی و اجتماعی (۴ عامل) و سایر مؤلفه‌های مرتبط با منابع آب، گردشگری، پسماند و ساختار شهری. نتیجه گیری: تحلیل مدل نشان داد عوامل محیط‌زیستی و اقلیمی با بیشترین میزان اثرگذاری (میانگین ۸۳/۰) پیشران اصلی تخریب هستند و پس از آن عوامل حمل‌ونقل و انرژی (میانگین ۷۶/۰) و عوامل اقتصادی و توسعه‌ای (میانگین ۷۲/۰) قرار دارند. شاخص تراکم (۷۹۵/۰) و پیوند بالای متغیرها (۹۳/۱۱ ارتباط مکرر) اثبات می‌کند که هرگونه مداخله سیاستی در مدیریت شهری یزد، تأثیراتی زنجیره‌ای و غیرخطی بر کل شبکه اکولوژیک شهر خواهد داشت.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_9664_706f4423315a108a8c8c46614850362b.pdf