University of GuilanUrban Planning Knowledge2645-54123220190823How to Read the Space?
From Phenomenological To the Critical Reading of SpaceHow to Read the Space?
From Phenomenological To the Critical Reading of Space114362810.22124/upk.2019.14084.1266FAHashemDadashpourAssociate professor, Faculty of Art and Architecture. Tarbiat Moadares University, Tehran, IranAhmadYazdanianMA in Urban Planning at Tarbiat Moadares University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20190809What does it mean to read the space? What is the status of this term in a country like Irān? How are the concepts such as reading and readability involved in the constructing forces of the space? How could the space be read by the critical discourse of space? The present study tried to address such vital questions. For this aim, the paper has been divided into four sections. In the first section, the theoretical approach and the problem was presented, i.e., which discourse is used to read the space and through which window. In section two, it was mentioned that how something called readability in the realm of knowledge - in the Iranian academic system - is produced through definitions as a tool for measuring and understanding the world - space. In section three, it was discussed how phenomenological reading has become the key to understanding the space and reproducing the status quo through (un)readability of the space representations in the so called “managerial” and “professional” realm. Along these lines, Kevin Lynch’s theoretical approach would be considered and criticized, because his name has been intertwined with the reading of the space in Iranian urban literature. This section also deals with the phenomenological reading of the non-spaces in Tehrān. In section four, it was tried to denounce the order and the conceptual system which is constantly produced and reproduced in the realm of knowledge and management, through formulation of the critical reading of the space which is offered as an alternative.What does it mean to read the space? What is the status of this term in a country like Irān? How are the concepts such as reading and readability involved in the constructing forces of the space? How could the space be read by the critical discourse of space? The present study tried to address such vital questions. For this aim, the paper has been divided into four sections. In the first section, the theoretical approach and the problem was presented, i.e., which discourse is used to read the space and through which window. In section two, it was mentioned that how something called readability in the realm of knowledge - in the Iranian academic system - is produced through definitions as a tool for measuring and understanding the world - space. In section three, it was discussed how phenomenological reading has become the key to understanding the space and reproducing the status quo through (un)readability of the space representations in the so called “managerial” and “professional” realm. Along these lines, Kevin Lynch’s theoretical approach would be considered and criticized, because his name has been intertwined with the reading of the space in Iranian urban literature. This section also deals with the phenomenological reading of the non-spaces in Tehrān. In section four, it was tried to denounce the order and the conceptual system which is constantly produced and reproduced in the realm of knowledge and management, through formulation of the critical reading of the space which is offered as an alternative.https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_3628_6f1ad2531febbc202264262ac825e51b.pdfUniversity of GuilanUrban Planning Knowledge2645-54123220190823Rethinking About the Relationship between Urban Design and Planning: A Return to the RootsRethinking About the Relationship between Urban Design and Planning: A Return to the Roots1531363110.22124/upk.2019.12723.1174FABehzadMalekpourAslAssistant professor, School of Architecture and Town Planning, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, IranJournal Article20190305Today the field of urban design has emerged as an important area of intellectual pursuit, involving theory, research, and pedagogy, all intended to inform and improve the practice. Also, there has been a progressive differentiation and distinction between the urban planning and urban design. How was the increasing differentiation between the urban planning and design formed and then expanded? Focusing on this question, and to the extent that the logic of the debate warrants, this paper tried to explain this distinction from the standpoint of neoliberalism, global competitiveness, and neo-urbanism model as the new frameworks of thinking and awareness in the urban studies. The confrontation of the urban planning and design from this perspective requires an explanation. In this research, it would be explained through a debate on the nature of the urban design and the fundamental struggle between "the science" and "the design". It was an exploratory study and exploring the reason behind the increasing tendency to differentiate between urban design and planning for its evaluation constituted the basic framework of the research. Understanding the process of "urban design’s independence" and proposing concepts such as the governance instead of programmatic prescription and its talleys provide the basis for the claim that the urban design must return to its origin as a subset of the planning implementation. Whereas the educational system have to provide new foundations for the urban studies, based on the planning values such as the social justice and the public interest in order to understand the nature of the urban problems in the new era, dogmatic approaches such as neo-urbanism through the shift to the urban design have replaced the planned values and in some cases, it blocked the way to accurately explain these problems. Calling for a return to planning and revitalizing the true status of the urban design was the solution presented in this paper, so that it could be considered in the urban design along with themes such as vitality and the sense of place, deeper concepts in the domain of environmental justice, social justice, the socio-economic and ethnic equity, considering the differences, diversity, and ecological sustainability.Today the field of urban design has emerged as an important area of intellectual pursuit, involving theory, research, and pedagogy, all intended to inform and improve the practice. Also, there has been a progressive differentiation and distinction between the urban planning and urban design. How was the increasing differentiation between the urban planning and design formed and then expanded? Focusing on this question, and to the extent that the logic of the debate warrants, this paper tried to explain this distinction from the standpoint of neoliberalism, global competitiveness, and neo-urbanism model as the new frameworks of thinking and awareness in the urban studies. The confrontation of the urban planning and design from this perspective requires an explanation. In this research, it would be explained through a debate on the nature of the urban design and the fundamental struggle between "the science" and "the design". It was an exploratory study and exploring the reason behind the increasing tendency to differentiate between urban design and planning for its evaluation constituted the basic framework of the research. Understanding the process of "urban design’s independence" and proposing concepts such as the governance instead of programmatic prescription and its talleys provide the basis for the claim that the urban design must return to its origin as a subset of the planning implementation. Whereas the educational system have to provide new foundations for the urban studies, based on the planning values such as the social justice and the public interest in order to understand the nature of the urban problems in the new era, dogmatic approaches such as neo-urbanism through the shift to the urban design have replaced the planned values and in some cases, it blocked the way to accurately explain these problems. Calling for a return to planning and revitalizing the true status of the urban design was the solution presented in this paper, so that it could be considered in the urban design along with themes such as vitality and the sense of place, deeper concepts in the domain of environmental justice, social justice, the socio-economic and ethnic equity, considering the differences, diversity, and ecological sustainability.https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_3631_e07a479735ac7e5f20d2af8992bdaab5.pdfUniversity of GuilanUrban Planning Knowledge2645-54123220190823Islamic City: Imagination or RealityIslamic City: Imagination or Reality3347363210.22124/upk.2019.13124.1184FAMarziyehPourmohammadiUrbanism Phd Researcher
Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism Engineering
Islamic azad university Qazvin branch , Qazvin, iranSeyyed-HosseinBahrainyProfessor, Urban Planning Faculty, Fine Art Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranZohrehDavoudpourAssistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism Engineering
Islamic azad university Qazvin branch , Qazvin, iranJournal Article20190429Islamic city” is a term coined by mostly French orientalists who had undertaken the structural studies of cities in the northern Africa. They provided some characteristics of the cities they had observed (and not all cities with Muslim residents), and they attributed the characteristics to the Islamic city, despite the fact that some of these characteristics went back to climates, and others to the interminglement of cultures, manners, and customs of a land with the Islamic culture, which were not directly related to the existential and legislative doctrines within the Islamic worldview. Therefore, in order to scrutinize the concept of city in Islam, we need to consult its most important source, that is Quran, as well as the tradition (or hadiths, that is, the speeches and deeds of the household of the Islamic Prophet), so that the existential and legislative characteristics of the Islamic city might be understood. In this paper, the method of phenomenology and the text interpretation were used to explore the notion of the city, and the four concepts, i.e., “balad,” “qaryah,” “madina,” and “misr” were extracted from Quran. Features of these concepts were elaborated by drawing on exegeses provided by the prominent religious scholars and the investigation of the relevant hadiths. These features were then compared with the theories of the orientalists about the Islamic city as well as the modern theories of urbanization and features of the contemporary (Islamic) cities. Studies showed that in the Islamic Sharia, there are specific instructions for the people’s lifestyle, which determine the conditions in which they live in the city, and finally, the city is formed and its physical structure is constructed under the influence of such lifestyle, along with the other factors (cultural, geographical, etc.). What is known today as the Islamic city is very far from the aforementioned doctrines, and cannot be the Islamic city. A city is Islamic if both its appearance and essences (people’s ethics and behavior) are Islamic.Islamic city” is a term coined by mostly French orientalists who had undertaken the structural studies of cities in the northern Africa. They provided some characteristics of the cities they had observed (and not all cities with Muslim residents), and they attributed the characteristics to the Islamic city, despite the fact that some of these characteristics went back to climates, and others to the interminglement of cultures, manners, and customs of a land with the Islamic culture, which were not directly related to the existential and legislative doctrines within the Islamic worldview. Therefore, in order to scrutinize the concept of city in Islam, we need to consult its most important source, that is Quran, as well as the tradition (or hadiths, that is, the speeches and deeds of the household of the Islamic Prophet), so that the existential and legislative characteristics of the Islamic city might be understood. In this paper, the method of phenomenology and the text interpretation were used to explore the notion of the city, and the four concepts, i.e., “balad,” “qaryah,” “madina,” and “misr” were extracted from Quran. Features of these concepts were elaborated by drawing on exegeses provided by the prominent religious scholars and the investigation of the relevant hadiths. These features were then compared with the theories of the orientalists about the Islamic city as well as the modern theories of urbanization and features of the contemporary (Islamic) cities. Studies showed that in the Islamic Sharia, there are specific instructions for the people’s lifestyle, which determine the conditions in which they live in the city, and finally, the city is formed and its physical structure is constructed under the influence of such lifestyle, along with the other factors (cultural, geographical, etc.). What is known today as the Islamic city is very far from the aforementioned doctrines, and cannot be the Islamic city. A city is Islamic if both its appearance and essences (people’s ethics and behavior) are Islamic.https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_3632_2400d93a626d37ca3e4983c44f6bd7c0.pdfUniversity of GuilanUrban Planning Knowledge2645-54123220190823Analysis of the Position of the Social Capital in the Regeneration of the Historically Worn-Out Fabrics of Imāmzāde Yahyā Neighborhood, Using the Structural EquationsAnalysis of the Position of the Social Capital in the Regeneration of the Historically Worn-Out Fabrics of Imāmzāde Yahyā Neighborhood, Using the Structural Equations4963363310.22124/upk.2019.10641.1102FAMaralAhmadiPhd Student/Depatment of Urban Planing/ Faculty of Art and Architecture / Science and Research Branch /Islamic Azad Univercity/ Tehran/IranAlirezaAndalibAssociate Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Civil, Architecture and &amp;lrm;Art, science and research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranHamidMajediAssociate Professor,Depatment of Urban Planing, Faculty of Art and Architecture , Science and Research Branch ,Islamic Azad Univercity, Tehran, IranZahra Sadat SaeedehZarabadiAssociate Professor, Depatment of Urban Planing, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad Univercity, Tehran, IranJournal Article20180616One of the fundamental problems in the process of regeneration of the worn-out fabrics of today's cities is the lack of attention to the application of the concept of the social capital as one of the potentials of the neighborhood. The importance of the social capital in the process of regeneration is tangible, because the interventions in the worn-out fabrics is most often carried out in the spatial context of the neighborhood, but this element is usually neglected. The purpose of this researchwas to develop a framework that not only introduces the social capital indicators involved in the regeneration of the worn-out fabrics and the related measures, but also assesses them in the Iranian native situation and the historical Emāmzādeh yahyā neighborhood. It was a quantitative study, using the strategies such as the logical, comparative and correlational reasoning. According to the research method, it was a descriptive-analytic study, and according to the data collection procedure, it was a library and field work (survey). To analyze the data, structural equation modeling and LISREL software were used. After completing the theoretical studies using the direct observation and interviews, the efficiency of the measures in Emāmzādeh yahyā neighborhood was examined using the items of the questionnaire. Findings indicated that the indicators of trust, norms and social values as the dependent variables of the participation were effective in the regeneration of this neighborhood, the social solidarity was not influential, and the social capital in Emāmzādeh yahyā was effective on the regeneration with a <em>correlation coefficient of 0.93</em><em>.</em>Finally, there was some suggestions to improve the realization of the goals of the regeneration by the social capital.One of the fundamental problems in the process of regeneration of the worn-out fabrics of today's cities is the lack of attention to the application of the concept of the social capital as one of the potentials of the neighborhood. The importance of the social capital in the process of regeneration is tangible, because the interventions in the worn-out fabrics is most often carried out in the spatial context of the neighborhood, but this element is usually neglected. The purpose of this researchwas to develop a framework that not only introduces the social capital indicators involved in the regeneration of the worn-out fabrics and the related measures, but also assesses them in the Iranian native situation and the historical Emāmzādeh yahyā neighborhood. It was a quantitative study, using the strategies such as the logical, comparative and correlational reasoning. According to the research method, it was a descriptive-analytic study, and according to the data collection procedure, it was a library and field work (survey). To analyze the data, structural equation modeling and LISREL software were used. After completing the theoretical studies using the direct observation and interviews, the efficiency of the measures in Emāmzādeh yahyā neighborhood was examined using the items of the questionnaire. Findings indicated that the indicators of trust, norms and social values as the dependent variables of the participation were effective in the regeneration of this neighborhood, the social solidarity was not influential, and the social capital in Emāmzādeh yahyā was effective on the regeneration with a <em>correlation coefficient of 0.93</em><em>.</em>Finally, there was some suggestions to improve the realization of the goals of the regeneration by the social capital.https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_3633_81207555858f5914730464d36d9e5bdc.pdfUniversity of GuilanUrban Planning Knowledge2645-54123220190823Redefining the Building Placement Urbanism Regulations With an Approach to The Conservation of The Historical Urban Fabrics: A Case Study of Lahijān CityRedefining the Building Placement Urbanism Regulations With an Approach to The Conservation of The Historical Urban Fabrics: A Case Study of Lahijān City6582363410.22124/upk.2019.14132.1271FAMojtabaPour AhmadiDepartment of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Arts, University of Guilan, Rasht, IranJournal Article20190616The current research was an attempt to reconsider one of the key regulations in the contemporary building control system pertaining to the historical fabrics of the old cities in the southern coasts of the Caspian sea. It specifically concentrated on the building placement and the plot coverage regulations. These two interwoven regulations perform as a mediator between the urban design and the architectural design disciplines. The research emphasized that these regulations should be based on the vernacular building placement patterns. In this paper, first a report was presented on the negative effects of the current building placement and the plot coverage regulations. After that it was attempted to identify the principal characteristics of a desirable approach to the topic based on an analysis of a number of the relevant international experiments. Next, as a case study, the historical urban fabric of Lahijān city, an old city in the Guilān province, was examined. An examination of the aerial photos of the city, and the extensive field visits indicated that in the vernacular architecture of Lahijān city, there were two main types of the building placement patterns. First and the most common pattern was the perimiter placement of the residential building(s) in a plot of land. It could take 15 different forms. The second pattern was a pavilion-like placement pattern which could take 5 different forms of arrangement. In order to investigate the frequency of each pattern, in the aerial photo of the city of 1956, the whole city was divided into 50 square pieces among which 10 pieces were selected and examined. In each piece, the number of houses that used any one of those placement patterns was calculated. In sum, 286 houses were examined and the most popular patterns were identified. These vernacular patterns could be used as a basis for rewriting the relevant regulations.The current research was an attempt to reconsider one of the key regulations in the contemporary building control system pertaining to the historical fabrics of the old cities in the southern coasts of the Caspian sea. It specifically concentrated on the building placement and the plot coverage regulations. These two interwoven regulations perform as a mediator between the urban design and the architectural design disciplines. The research emphasized that these regulations should be based on the vernacular building placement patterns. In this paper, first a report was presented on the negative effects of the current building placement and the plot coverage regulations. After that it was attempted to identify the principal characteristics of a desirable approach to the topic based on an analysis of a number of the relevant international experiments. Next, as a case study, the historical urban fabric of Lahijān city, an old city in the Guilān province, was examined. An examination of the aerial photos of the city, and the extensive field visits indicated that in the vernacular architecture of Lahijān city, there were two main types of the building placement patterns. First and the most common pattern was the perimiter placement of the residential building(s) in a plot of land. It could take 15 different forms. The second pattern was a pavilion-like placement pattern which could take 5 different forms of arrangement. In order to investigate the frequency of each pattern, in the aerial photo of the city of 1956, the whole city was divided into 50 square pieces among which 10 pieces were selected and examined. In each piece, the number of houses that used any one of those placement patterns was calculated. In sum, 286 houses were examined and the most popular patterns were identified. These vernacular patterns could be used as a basis for rewriting the relevant regulations.https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_3634_2c45df0ddf41306d6c479d6173bf9e57.pdfUniversity of GuilanUrban Planning Knowledge2645-54123220190823Spatial - Physical Analysis of the Urban Areas Based On the Smart Growth Indicators
(Case Study: Areas of Yāsuj City)Spatial - Physical Analysis of the Urban Areas Based On the Smart Growth Indicators
(Case Study: Areas of Yāsuj City)8397363510.22124/upk.2019.13163.1190FAEbrahimAbdaliPhD Candidate in Urban Planning, Yāsuj Branch, Islāmic Āzād University, Yāsuj , IranHoseinKalantari KhalilabadProfessor of Jihad University, Member of Urban Planning and Management, Research Institute of Humanities and Social Studies, Tehrān, IrānYaghobPeyvastehgarPhD Candidate in Urban Planning, Yāsuj Branch, Islāmic Āzād University, Yāsuj , IranJournal Article20190503<strong>Abstract</strong><br /> The increase in the population in the recent years and the subsequent urban sprawl phenomenon has led to the particular importance of the urban development and suitable patterns for the development of the city's spatial-physical complexity. So, the modern urban planning theories and models such as the smart growth model has been used for the spatial - physical organization of the scattered urban areas. In fact, the smart growth strategy attempts to rebuild the cities and direct them towards a powerful community with access to a favorable environment, the integrated urban transport system, the city density, and the user mixing. The present research aimed to provide analytical information on the assessment of the areas in terms of the proportionality with the smart growth indicators, special attention to the low priority areas, promotion of high-rise building, the use of the wastelands, and promotion of the mixed urban uses in order to achieve the sustainable development goals. This study took important steps in achieving the urban smart growth, using the descriptive-analytical and correlational methods. The research sample consisted of the four areas of Yāsuj city. Data was collected using documentary, survey and field methods. The results showed that from among the four indicators, land use indicator (accessibility and environmental) have the most significant level in explaining and predicting the urban smart growth, i.e., areas where land use (mixed use) is more diverse and has appropriate access is closer to the urban smart growth model. So, for the future development of the city, it is necessary to pay particular attention to areas with a low rating.<strong>Abstract</strong><br /> The increase in the population in the recent years and the subsequent urban sprawl phenomenon has led to the particular importance of the urban development and suitable patterns for the development of the city's spatial-physical complexity. So, the modern urban planning theories and models such as the smart growth model has been used for the spatial - physical organization of the scattered urban areas. In fact, the smart growth strategy attempts to rebuild the cities and direct them towards a powerful community with access to a favorable environment, the integrated urban transport system, the city density, and the user mixing. The present research aimed to provide analytical information on the assessment of the areas in terms of the proportionality with the smart growth indicators, special attention to the low priority areas, promotion of high-rise building, the use of the wastelands, and promotion of the mixed urban uses in order to achieve the sustainable development goals. This study took important steps in achieving the urban smart growth, using the descriptive-analytical and correlational methods. The research sample consisted of the four areas of Yāsuj city. Data was collected using documentary, survey and field methods. The results showed that from among the four indicators, land use indicator (accessibility and environmental) have the most significant level in explaining and predicting the urban smart growth, i.e., areas where land use (mixed use) is more diverse and has appropriate access is closer to the urban smart growth model. So, for the future development of the city, it is necessary to pay particular attention to areas with a low rating.https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_3635_239e2de31f9f397008c049b7fd705472.pdfUniversity of GuilanUrban Planning Knowledge2645-54123220190823The Landscape Improvement of the Edge of Urban Highways
(Case study: Chamrān Boulevard of Shirāz City)The Landscape Improvement of the Edge of Urban Highways
(Case study: Chamrān Boulevard of Shirāz City)99114363610.22124/upk.2019.13723.1231FAMahsaBorazjaniFaculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranMohsenKhorasanizadehFaculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranSaeidNorouzian-MalekiFaculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20190702Highways are the linear infrastructures that alter the environmental structure, functions and resources in a territory, while constituting a significant component through which the individual comes into contact with the landscape. Nowadays, the increase in the urban travel, without integrating or peaceful mingling with the elements of the natural environment, has exacerbated the pressures of the urban life. Since the addressee looks at the landscape of the adjacent highway, the components of safety and security should also be considered along with the aesthetic component. The aim of this research was to identify the problems and find the solutions for the edge of Chamrān Boulevard in Shirāz city. The solutions involved developing a continuous walking route that would provide more recreational opportunities, linked up with the existing gardens and in accordance with the culture of the region. Attention to the green pedestrian pathways, safety, legibility, coherence, organizing the leisure – cultural spaces, linked with the green and open spaces, improving the climate comfort, the user’s visual interest along with taking into account the human being’s perceptions and characteristics have been emphasized. In the first stage, the effective indicators of the landscape improvement have been extracted from the literature and they were categorized. Then, the impact of the extracted factors was evaluated and prioritized using the Delphi technique and conducting the semi-structured interviews with experts. Afterward, Shirāz city citizens have been selected as the research sample, to measure the existing status and prioritize the users’ preferences. A close-ended questionnaire was used to collect data from the participants. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 22. Findings showed that the vegetation diversity around the pedestrian pathway, considering the collaborative activities (Mean=3/88), considering the legibility of the path, variation in lighting and developing the continuous and interrupted sequences (M=3/61) were among the users’ priorities.Highways are the linear infrastructures that alter the environmental structure, functions and resources in a territory, while constituting a significant component through which the individual comes into contact with the landscape. Nowadays, the increase in the urban travel, without integrating or peaceful mingling with the elements of the natural environment, has exacerbated the pressures of the urban life. Since the addressee looks at the landscape of the adjacent highway, the components of safety and security should also be considered along with the aesthetic component. The aim of this research was to identify the problems and find the solutions for the edge of Chamrān Boulevard in Shirāz city. The solutions involved developing a continuous walking route that would provide more recreational opportunities, linked up with the existing gardens and in accordance with the culture of the region. Attention to the green pedestrian pathways, safety, legibility, coherence, organizing the leisure – cultural spaces, linked with the green and open spaces, improving the climate comfort, the user’s visual interest along with taking into account the human being’s perceptions and characteristics have been emphasized. In the first stage, the effective indicators of the landscape improvement have been extracted from the literature and they were categorized. Then, the impact of the extracted factors was evaluated and prioritized using the Delphi technique and conducting the semi-structured interviews with experts. Afterward, Shirāz city citizens have been selected as the research sample, to measure the existing status and prioritize the users’ preferences. A close-ended questionnaire was used to collect data from the participants. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 22. Findings showed that the vegetation diversity around the pedestrian pathway, considering the collaborative activities (Mean=3/88), considering the legibility of the path, variation in lighting and developing the continuous and interrupted sequences (M=3/61) were among the users’ priorities.https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_3636_886e4f4a3df9818974d7bc4317868486.pdf