University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 5 1 2021 03 21 The Space of Language (Language as a determining factor in the definition and perception of space) The Space of Language (Language as a determining factor in the definition and perception of space) 1 22 4575 10.22124/upk.2021.17647.1567 FA Naser Barati Associate Professor, Urban planning Department,, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning,, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran Mohammad Nikpeyma Ph.D Condidate, Urban Planning Department, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Sajjad Aalizadeh Mollayosuf Urban Development Engineering, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Development, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. Journal Article 2020 09 12 Background: The linguistic orientation of the concept of space and its dependence on linguistic structures, its application and perception as a key concept in branches of knowledge such as urban planning and architecture, has sometimes been misunderstood. The connection between the two themes of space and language has made these two basic concepts in the knowledge and interpretation of cities, and it is basically impossible to understand one without the other. Criticism of the dominant discourse on the concept of space in disciplines such as urban planning, which have generally used space as a physical concept, and the phenomenological study of the two concepts (space and language) in order to find their roots in each other, help to clarify the issue. Objectives: The present article has been compiled with objectives such as rooting out the fields of perception in various theories of space and also defining language as the main element in the process of perception and experience of space. Method: The studies conducted in this article are based on a method consisting of two models of "critical discourse analysis" and "hermeneutic phenomenology". Result: It seems that the inseparable and intertwined structure identified in the essence of each of the two concepts of space and language, requires the emergence and application of a neo-concept called "the space of language". Concolusion: The traditional definition of space as a set of physical elements that are specially arranged together is not commensurate with the nature of the living space. Space is a complex network of physical elements and immaterial factors. Space, as a field of communication whose material and immaterial elements must each carry a wide and complex meaning, can only be defined in the context of language, which has a completely corresponding nature to space and is also meaningful. So space actually derives its existence from the world of language. Language as a means of thinking and a platform for presenting the world is the only means that can represent the real space. Therefore, language is not a tool for understanding space, but space itself. Background: The linguistic orientation of the concept of space and its dependence on linguistic structures, its application and perception as a key concept in branches of knowledge such as urban planning and architecture, has sometimes been misunderstood. The connection between the two themes of space and language has made these two basic concepts in the knowledge and interpretation of cities, and it is basically impossible to understand one without the other. Criticism of the dominant discourse on the concept of space in disciplines such as urban planning, which have generally used space as a physical concept, and the phenomenological study of the two concepts (space and language) in order to find their roots in each other, help to clarify the issue. Objectives: The present article has been compiled with objectives such as rooting out the fields of perception in various theories of space and also defining language as the main element in the process of perception and experience of space. Method: The studies conducted in this article are based on a method consisting of two models of "critical discourse analysis" and "hermeneutic phenomenology". Result: It seems that the inseparable and intertwined structure identified in the essence of each of the two concepts of space and language, requires the emergence and application of a neo-concept called "the space of language". Concolusion: The traditional definition of space as a set of physical elements that are specially arranged together is not commensurate with the nature of the living space. Space is a complex network of physical elements and immaterial factors. Space, as a field of communication whose material and immaterial elements must each carry a wide and complex meaning, can only be defined in the context of language, which has a completely corresponding nature to space and is also meaningful. So space actually derives its existence from the world of language. Language as a means of thinking and a platform for presenting the world is the only means that can represent the real space. Therefore, language is not a tool for understanding space, but space itself.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_4575_05317589d1a8562d7ee754083d6add83.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 5 1 2021 03 21 Sensory Meaning of Type in Urban Space (Case Study of Rasht City) Sensory Meaning of Type in Urban Space (Case Study of Rasht City) 23 45 4525 10.22124/upk.2021.17729.1573 FA Hossein Abeddoust Assistant Professor of Graphics, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran 0000-0001-6413-9130 Journal Article 2020 09 20 Background: Today, type is an integral part of urban space that can be mentioned as a social necessity and reality, and its role in creating a visual experience is clear to observers. Type in urban space has two main aspects, one is linguistic aspect and the other is visual aspect. The linguistic aspect is related to the audience's linguistic perception, the visual aspect of the type depends on the visual arrangements and design methods. Therefore, the second aspect is related to the visual arts. According to this, two kinds of meanings can be assumed for type; the explicit meaning that is formed through linguistic relations in the mind of the audience and the implicit and sensory meaning that affects the audience through image quality and visual elements. The main question of the present study is how the sensory meaning of type appears in urban space and what role it plays in creating a sense of harmony and contrast in urban space. Objectives: The main purpose of the research is to analyze the sensory meaning of type in Rasht as part of urban graphics and elements of urban identity. The role of type in creating harmony and contrast as well as expressive and effective functions of type has been considered. In this regard, in case studies, the sensory meaning of the type was analyzed individually for each brand and also in the city and the lack of organization of the type in the city was expressed. Methodology: This study is descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. The data collection method is combination of library review (i.e. note taking and image analysis) and field observations. Data analysis was done qualitatively. Results: The research findings show that type in urban space conveys sensory meaning. The emergence of the desired sensory meaning of type requires a context that provides the ground for a favorable relationship with the audience and does not harm the beauty of the city. Conclusion: In the city of Rasht, type with unique meanings along with severe visual distinction has caused undesirable visual contrast. Type in an urban space requires a layout that creates a visual harmony in the urban space. In the city of Rasht, due to the lack of page layout, type harmony is not seen. Background: Today, type is an integral part of urban space that can be mentioned as a social necessity and reality, and its role in creating a visual experience is clear to observers. Type in urban space has two main aspects, one is linguistic aspect and the other is visual aspect. The linguistic aspect is related to the audience's linguistic perception, the visual aspect of the type depends on the visual arrangements and design methods. Therefore, the second aspect is related to the visual arts. According to this, two kinds of meanings can be assumed for type; the explicit meaning that is formed through linguistic relations in the mind of the audience and the implicit and sensory meaning that affects the audience through image quality and visual elements. The main question of the present study is how the sensory meaning of type appears in urban space and what role it plays in creating a sense of harmony and contrast in urban space. Objectives: The main purpose of the research is to analyze the sensory meaning of type in Rasht as part of urban graphics and elements of urban identity. The role of type in creating harmony and contrast as well as expressive and effective functions of type has been considered. In this regard, in case studies, the sensory meaning of the type was analyzed individually for each brand and also in the city and the lack of organization of the type in the city was expressed. Methodology: This study is descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. The data collection method is combination of library review (i.e. note taking and image analysis) and field observations. Data analysis was done qualitatively. Results: The research findings show that type in urban space conveys sensory meaning. The emergence of the desired sensory meaning of type requires a context that provides the ground for a favorable relationship with the audience and does not harm the beauty of the city. Conclusion: In the city of Rasht, type with unique meanings along with severe visual distinction has caused undesirable visual contrast. Type in an urban space requires a layout that creates a visual harmony in the urban space. In the city of Rasht, due to the lack of page layout, type harmony is not seen.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_4525_e9c1d8af3eb9d7ac8c6ed5ea5a752240.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 5 1 2021 03 21 Designing a liveliness Urban Space with the Approach of Behavioral Setting Improvement (Case Study: Mirabolghasemi St., Rasht) Designing a liveliness Urban Space with the Approach of Behavioral Setting Improvement (Case Study: Mirabolghasemi St., Rasht) 47 65 4579 10.22124/upk.2020.13801.1243 FA Javad Faghirnavaz M.A Student, Department of Urban Design, Deylaman Institute of Higher Education, Lahijan, Iran Saman Abizadeh Assistant Professor of Art & Architect, University of Payame Noor, Tehran, Iran Reza Parvizi Faculty member of Deylaman University of Lahijan, Iran Maryam Daneshshakib Ph.D. Candidate, Tabriz Branch Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2019 07 15 Background: Nowadays, urban development plans in Iran, are based on facilitating the vehicular movement in a deep contradiction with its past and urban settings and their importance in creating vitality, urban dynamism and promoting environmental quality in urban spaces have been neglected. Accordingly, the promotion of behavioral settings as one of the components that are effective for people's social interactions in such spaces is of particular importance. Objectives: This study seeks to provide scientific and practical solutions to promote spatial vitality in urban spaces. Methodology: The research method is descriptive-inferential in terms of method and applied in terms of purpose. According to the population of Rasht, which was about 677,000 people, 384 questionnaires were submitted by the sample population based on Cochran formula and then, data were analyzed by SPSS software. Also, UCL Depthmap software and Space Syntax method were used to evaluate the structure of spatial configuration, which has been significantly correlated with vitality. The case study is Mirabolghasemi Street in Rasht that has been considered as one of the urban spaces that created by urban development plans based merely on facilitating vehicular movement. Results: The results of the correlation test between integration and connectivity showed that the case study with a spatial perception of 0.69 has a relatively proper legibility. Also, Findings obtained from the questionnaire indicate that lack of spaces for social interaction and vehicular-oriented routes has been considered as the most important problems of the neighborhood from the viewpoint of the statistical community. Conclusion: The study shows thatsolutions such as enhancing physical and visual quality in the urban landscape, improving environmental quality, paying particular attention to the pedestrians, improving functional and spatial quality, and promoting social, cultural and economic interactions are presented. Background: Nowadays, urban development plans in Iran, are based on facilitating the vehicular movement in a deep contradiction with its past and urban settings and their importance in creating vitality, urban dynamism and promoting environmental quality in urban spaces have been neglected. Accordingly, the promotion of behavioral settings as one of the components that are effective for people's social interactions in such spaces is of particular importance. Objectives: This study seeks to provide scientific and practical solutions to promote spatial vitality in urban spaces. Methodology: The research method is descriptive-inferential in terms of method and applied in terms of purpose. According to the population of Rasht, which was about 677,000 people, 384 questionnaires were submitted by the sample population based on Cochran formula and then, data were analyzed by SPSS software. Also, UCL Depthmap software and Space Syntax method were used to evaluate the structure of spatial configuration, which has been significantly correlated with vitality. The case study is Mirabolghasemi Street in Rasht that has been considered as one of the urban spaces that created by urban development plans based merely on facilitating vehicular movement. Results: The results of the correlation test between integration and connectivity showed that the case study with a spatial perception of 0.69 has a relatively proper legibility. Also, Findings obtained from the questionnaire indicate that lack of spaces for social interaction and vehicular-oriented routes has been considered as the most important problems of the neighborhood from the viewpoint of the statistical community. Conclusion: The study shows thatsolutions such as enhancing physical and visual quality in the urban landscape, improving environmental quality, paying particular attention to the pedestrians, improving functional and spatial quality, and promoting social, cultural and economic interactions are presented.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_4579_b2de1e4fd5d7c648b4c8cd95fd1108f6.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 5 1 2021 03 21 The Role of Route-finding Software in the Process of City Spatial Organization Cognition The Role of Route-finding Software in the Process of City Spatial Organization Cognition 67 85 4560 10.22124/upk.2021.15901.1414 FA Maryam Khastou Depaetment of urban design, Qazvin branch, Islamic Azad University Shadi Pakzad Journal Article 2020 03 03 Background: Environmental perception process is one of the key issues and concepts in human-environment interaction studies. The subject of perception involves discussing the physical properties of the actuator or transmitter and how humans respond to it. Environmental perception leads to understanding the environment and shapes human behavior in the environment. Therefore, many behaviors in the city change depending on how urban spaces are perceived and understood. On the other hand, the role of information technology in human life is crucial, and its achievements are increasingly affecting people’s lifestyles. Among them, mobile software by using the Internet has provided a wide range of opportunities for individuals and changed many of their past activities. Examples are route finding software that has been widely welcomed by Internet users in recent years. These apps are manufactured with different capabilities and each have their own different specifications. Objectives: This research sought to investigate these; “What impact do these route finding software have on people's cognitive process and understanding of the city's spatial organization?” and whether this impact varies in different environments (small and large cities). Methodology: The Research method is mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods. At first, the desired indicators were categorized and determined by Delphi method, then research questions were answered by using a questionnaire as well as providing cognitive maps of users of way finding software and analyzing them. Results: Ordinary drivers pay more attention to landmarks and fields of the city. Software users pay more attention to nodes, and finally, route-finding software does not have much impact on how urban edges are recognized. Conclusion: In large cities, more people are using route-finding software to find alternative destinations and routes to find out the paths with low congestion and so on. While in small cities, more people are using software to find information about traffic congestion. In general, it can be said that people who are software users are more mentally influenced by software indicators than the second group. Also it was concluded that the side paths are more popular for software users. Background: Environmental perception process is one of the key issues and concepts in human-environment interaction studies. The subject of perception involves discussing the physical properties of the actuator or transmitter and how humans respond to it. Environmental perception leads to understanding the environment and shapes human behavior in the environment. Therefore, many behaviors in the city change depending on how urban spaces are perceived and understood. On the other hand, the role of information technology in human life is crucial, and its achievements are increasingly affecting people’s lifestyles. Among them, mobile software by using the Internet has provided a wide range of opportunities for individuals and changed many of their past activities. Examples are route finding software that has been widely welcomed by Internet users in recent years. These apps are manufactured with different capabilities and each have their own different specifications. Objectives: This research sought to investigate these; “What impact do these route finding software have on people's cognitive process and understanding of the city's spatial organization?” and whether this impact varies in different environments (small and large cities). Methodology: The Research method is mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods. At first, the desired indicators were categorized and determined by Delphi method, then research questions were answered by using a questionnaire as well as providing cognitive maps of users of way finding software and analyzing them. Results: Ordinary drivers pay more attention to landmarks and fields of the city. Software users pay more attention to nodes, and finally, route-finding software does not have much impact on how urban edges are recognized. Conclusion: In large cities, more people are using route-finding software to find alternative destinations and routes to find out the paths with low congestion and so on. While in small cities, more people are using software to find information about traffic congestion. In general, it can be said that people who are software users are more mentally influenced by software indicators than the second group. Also it was concluded that the side paths are more popular for software users.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_4560_a3303c3024942350714372bb5bb1bf12.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 5 1 2021 03 21 Evaluation the Urban Rules and Regulations of Yaghchian Neighborhood through Islamic Culture Approach Evaluation the Urban Rules and Regulations of Yaghchian Neighborhood through Islamic Culture Approach 87 111 4576 10.22124/upk.2020.16592.1483 FA Mahdi Aliloo PhD Student in Islamic urbanism, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran Morteza Mirgholami Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran Parisa Aashempoor Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran Asghar Molai Assistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2020 05 22 Background: The city and its neighborhoods have lots of diversities and tastes related to the citizens. It is diverse from the two dimensional “comprehensive plan” in living spaces and the growth of the inhabitants. Nowadays, the framework of this type of planning in per capita and land use ignore the Islamic principles and the living style of the Muslim. Objectives: So, the health of them are in caution, it goes through the necessity of reviewing and pathology of the existing condition and make the managers be in the row. Method: The methodology of this study is comparative, it means the analysis of the consistency of the questionnaire data and explore the similarities of the qualitative data in the evaluation process. The Delphi manner is done here by the 30 experts who help the related questionnaire. Result: According to their mind, and considering the whole criteria of the human relations with the God, Society, Nature, and History, the 1st place is going to dedicated into the Perception and Sight indexes, the 2nd class is designed for the Activity indexes, and the 3rd and 4th place is reserved for Environmental indexes and Physical indexes. Finally, the result is that the rules and regulations which are going to be made by Islamic Culture, must obey from this type of classification in the importance of the placement. Conclusion: The analysis of cultural criteria in the matrix of relationship between the human and the nature, the history, the God and the society through landuse and physical, activity, perceptional and visually, and environmental aspects make a perfect matrix which in this paper are going to be discussed. These analysis are related to the yaghchian districts and the analytical strategies which are in the master of the rules and regulations of that district in the lens of practical spatial structure plan. Background: The city and its neighborhoods have lots of diversities and tastes related to the citizens. It is diverse from the two dimensional “comprehensive plan” in living spaces and the growth of the inhabitants. Nowadays, the framework of this type of planning in per capita and land use ignore the Islamic principles and the living style of the Muslim. Objectives: So, the health of them are in caution, it goes through the necessity of reviewing and pathology of the existing condition and make the managers be in the row. Method: The methodology of this study is comparative, it means the analysis of the consistency of the questionnaire data and explore the similarities of the qualitative data in the evaluation process. The Delphi manner is done here by the 30 experts who help the related questionnaire. Result: According to their mind, and considering the whole criteria of the human relations with the God, Society, Nature, and History, the 1st place is going to dedicated into the Perception and Sight indexes, the 2nd class is designed for the Activity indexes, and the 3rd and 4th place is reserved for Environmental indexes and Physical indexes. Finally, the result is that the rules and regulations which are going to be made by Islamic Culture, must obey from this type of classification in the importance of the placement. Conclusion: The analysis of cultural criteria in the matrix of relationship between the human and the nature, the history, the God and the society through landuse and physical, activity, perceptional and visually, and environmental aspects make a perfect matrix which in this paper are going to be discussed. These analysis are related to the yaghchian districts and the analytical strategies which are in the master of the rules and regulations of that district in the lens of practical spatial structure plan.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_4576_01bc33c3d646d0e66ccf3bacb5591fb0.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 5 1 2021 03 21 Vitality analysis in residential complex spaces (Impact Concept, Components, and Indices) Vitality analysis in residential complex spaces (Impact Concept, Components, and Indices) 113 129 4577 10.22124/upk.2021.17094.1517 FA Mahsa Molaeihashjin Ph.D. Candidate, Architecture, Department of Architecture, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran Amirreza Karimi Azeri Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran Baqer Karimi Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran Jamaladdin Mahdinezhad Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture,Tarbiat Dabir Shahid Rajaei University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2020 07 18 Background: The vitality of urban environments is an issue that has been neglected in planning, studies and architectural designs in Iran. Nowadays, providing esprit and vitality has become one of the main concerns of management systems in urban planning in countries, especially in developed countries in residential complexes, and particularly in open and semi-open spaces, where residents spend a large part of their time in their place of residence. Since people's vitality is directly related to improving their quality of life; therefore, addressing this issue is of great importance. Objectives: The objective of this article was to identify and categorize the components and indices affecting vitality, and finally to develop a theoretical model of vitality in open and semi-open spaces. Method: The method of this study was qualitative-quantitative meta-analysis mehod and the research tool was purposeful sampling with statistical data analysis. Result: According to the studies based on the analysis of the opinions of 15 relevant experts, the priority of Formal, Functional, Environmental, Social and Cultural Components were the most effective components, respectively, in relation to the vitality. Conclusion: Quantitative results of this study showed that utilizing natural elements, proper lighting, and physical diversity in "Formal Component", diversity of uses and security in "Functional Component", environmental cleanliness, harmony with nature, and climatic comfort in "Environmental Component", recreational activities and the ability to be present in the "Social Component", identity and sensory richness in "Cultural Component" were effective in achieving a sense of vitality with the highest quantitative percentage. The final achievement of this study was explaining the theoretical model of communication between the components of vitality in open and semi-open residential spaces. Highlight: • Components affecting vitality in open and semi-open spaces were the highest and lowest priorities of formal and cultural components, respectively. • Utilizing natural elements, proper lighting, and physical diversity in "Formal Component", diversity of uses and security in "Functional Component", Background: The vitality of urban environments is an issue that has been neglected in planning, studies and architectural designs in Iran. Nowadays, providing esprit and vitality has become one of the main concerns of management systems in urban planning in countries, especially in developed countries in residential complexes, and particularly in open and semi-open spaces, where residents spend a large part of their time in their place of residence. Since people's vitality is directly related to improving their quality of life; therefore, addressing this issue is of great importance. Objectives: The objective of this article was to identify and categorize the components and indices affecting vitality, and finally to develop a theoretical model of vitality in open and semi-open spaces. Method: The method of this study was qualitative-quantitative meta-analysis mehod and the research tool was purposeful sampling with statistical data analysis. Result: According to the studies based on the analysis of the opinions of 15 relevant experts, the priority of Formal, Functional, Environmental, Social and Cultural Components were the most effective components, respectively, in relation to the vitality. Conclusion: Quantitative results of this study showed that utilizing natural elements, proper lighting, and physical diversity in "Formal Component", diversity of uses and security in "Functional Component", environmental cleanliness, harmony with nature, and climatic comfort in "Environmental Component", recreational activities and the ability to be present in the "Social Component", identity and sensory richness in "Cultural Component" were effective in achieving a sense of vitality with the highest quantitative percentage. The final achievement of this study was explaining the theoretical model of communication between the components of vitality in open and semi-open residential spaces. Highlight: • Components affecting vitality in open and semi-open spaces were the highest and lowest priorities of formal and cultural components, respectively. • Utilizing natural elements, proper lighting, and physical diversity in "Formal Component", diversity of uses and security in "Functional Component",

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_4577_103eb647a562793d7c5f4cd88dd16810.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 5 1 2021 03 21 Analyses of Responsive Tehran Underground Subway Network Stations as Urban Spaces. Analyses of Responsive Tehran Underground Subway Network Stations as Urban Spaces. 131 145 4602 10.22124/upk.2021.15902.1415 FA Ali Pourjafar PhD Scholar, Department of Urban Planning and Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran Hamidreza Saremi Associate Professor, Department of Urban Planning and Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran Seyed Ali Safavi Assistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning and Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2020 03 03 Tendency toward physical development in underground due to shortage of land and rapid grout of metropolitan areas is taken into consideration in recent contemporary period. Reduction of traffic congestion, the problem of high density built form, and also solving other related problems of inhabitants, is an avoidable approach at present. Although there are many ideas and views to develop underground spaces by what has happen in various cases in Tehran, but it is not efficient and acceptable. Study and elaboration of various such cases in Tehran can help in clarification of the problem and also provide practical solution for upgrading these complexes of public urban spaces. The aim and objective of the research is to create comprehensive urban design criteria underground which are efficiently responsible. Therefor the question raises here are: 1. How UPUS(Underground Public Urban Space) can be more responsive and efficient? The methodology use in this research is combined quantitative and qualitative analyses. Through which beside literature review survey and observation of 10 cases of UPUS is done. Finally is concluded that the spaces of Sadeghieh, Eramsabz, seems to be efficient, but Imam Khomeini and Golbarg seems to be not efficient as such. Finding and result of the research indicate that there are lack of comprehensive urban design criteria. Accessibility and security are the main 2 points in compare to the other aspects in designing of metro station as a public space. Conviviality and relation of form and function of the other aspects which are not taken as such. Tendency toward physical development in underground due to shortage of land and rapid grout of metropolitan areas is taken into consideration in recent contemporary period. Reduction of traffic congestion, the problem of high density built form, and also solving other related problems of inhabitants, is an avoidable approach at present. Although there are many ideas and views to develop underground spaces by what has happen in various cases in Tehran, but it is not efficient and acceptable. Study and elaboration of various such cases in Tehran can help in clarification of the problem and also provide practical solution for upgrading these complexes of public urban spaces. The aim and objective of the research is to create comprehensive urban design criteria underground which are efficiently responsible. Therefor the question raises here are: 1. How UPUS(Underground Public Urban Space) can be more responsive and efficient? The methodology use in this research is combined quantitative and qualitative analyses. Through which beside literature review survey and observation of 10 cases of UPUS is done. Finally is concluded that the spaces of Sadeghieh, Eramsabz, seems to be efficient, but Imam Khomeini and Golbarg seems to be not efficient as such. Finding and result of the research indicate that there are lack of comprehensive urban design criteria. Accessibility and security are the main 2 points in compare to the other aspects in designing of metro station as a public space. Conviviality and relation of form and function of the other aspects which are not taken as such.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_4602_a937432baa3311f2e820a2f3e1e887bf.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 5 1 2021 03 21 Analyzing the Role of Urban Approaches in Response to Climate Changes with Emphasis on Biophilic Urbanism, A Case Study: Tonekabon City Analyzing the Role of Urban Approaches in Response to Climate Changes with Emphasis on Biophilic Urbanism, A Case Study: Tonekabon City 147 163 3993 10.22124/upk.2020.13045.1211 FA Ladan Maleki PhD Candidate of Urban Development, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Hamid Majedi Professor of Urban Development, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Zahra Sadaat Saeedeh Zarabadi Associate Professor of Urban Development, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2019 08 27 Background: In current century, climate change has become one of the most important global challenges which is mostly due to the human activities and also the lack of paying attention to its environmental results. The negative consequences of climate change at different levels –from local to international- have caused various implementations in response to these changes in forms of climatic reduction and climatic adoption in recent years. In this regard, some urban approaches have responded to these challenges by using their principles that biophilic urbanism is one of them. Biophilic city can improve the quality of environment and also affects on responsing to the challenges of climate change by using the natural features. Objectives: This research investigates the nature of climate changes and review the campact city, blue urbanism, carbon-nutral city, renewable city and biophilic urbanism approaches and measure the biophilic capabilities of Tonekabon city (as a case study) in response to climate changes. Method: This research has descriptive and analytical methods based on documental studies, observation and also survey. Meta- SWOT technique is also used for analysis. Result: Among eleven biophilic capabilities which response to the climate changes, two capabilities of “green space and urban forests conservation” and “urban greening programmes” have the most effects on responsing to climatic changes particularly flood event in Tonekabon city. Also prioritizing the urban environmental development in urban development plans in coastal areas such az Tonekabon can provide the necessary backgrounds in order to overcome climatic challenges. Conclusion: Utilizing the capabilities of biophilic city approach could be effective on overcoming climate changes in coastal cities of north of Iran such az Tonekabon. The biophilic capabilities of these cities in particular urban forests and green spaces have a significant role in reduction of warming and flood. Background: In current century, climate change has become one of the most important global challenges which is mostly due to the human activities and also the lack of paying attention to its environmental results. The negative consequences of climate change at different levels –from local to international- have caused various implementations in response to these changes in forms of climatic reduction and climatic adoption in recent years. In this regard, some urban approaches have responded to these challenges by using their principles that biophilic urbanism is one of them. Biophilic city can improve the quality of environment and also affects on responsing to the challenges of climate change by using the natural features. Objectives: This research investigates the nature of climate changes and review the campact city, blue urbanism, carbon-nutral city, renewable city and biophilic urbanism approaches and measure the biophilic capabilities of Tonekabon city (as a case study) in response to climate changes. Method: This research has descriptive and analytical methods based on documental studies, observation and also survey. Meta- SWOT technique is also used for analysis. Result: Among eleven biophilic capabilities which response to the climate changes, two capabilities of “green space and urban forests conservation” and “urban greening programmes” have the most effects on responsing to climatic changes particularly flood event in Tonekabon city. Also prioritizing the urban environmental development in urban development plans in coastal areas such az Tonekabon can provide the necessary backgrounds in order to overcome climatic challenges. Conclusion: Utilizing the capabilities of biophilic city approach could be effective on overcoming climate changes in coastal cities of north of Iran such az Tonekabon. The biophilic capabilities of these cities in particular urban forests and green spaces have a significant role in reduction of warming and flood.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_3993_847c1958a6a19795fcf91c3e33791233.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 5 1 2021 03 21 Application of FMEA Technique and Fuzzy TOPSIS in Ranking the Historical Contexts of Shiraz with the Aim of Measuring the Feasibility of Sustainable Urban Application of FMEA Technique and Fuzzy TOPSIS in Ranking the Historical Contexts of Shiraz with the Aim of Measuring the Feasibility of Sustainable Urban 149 169 4007 10.22124/upk.2020.15612.1392 FA Elham Amanzadegan PhD Candidate,Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran. Manouchehr Tabibian Professor,Department of Urban Planning, Fine Art,s College, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2020 02 02 Background: Shiraz historical and cultural area is one of the ancient areas of the country, which has remarkable architectural and urban planning values due to its special architecture and urban context. The physical antiquity of the historical area and, consequently, its extreme complexity and therefore the specific social and economic problems of this context, is a factor in the direction of severe urban decline and consequently less local residents in renovation and housing in the context. Objectives: The present article intends to apply the FMEA and fuzzy TOPSIS techniques in the ranking of Shiraz historical sites with the aim of assessing the feasibility of sustainable urban regeneration policies (including economic, managerial, legal, participatory, socio-demographic, cultural-tourism, environmental, and physical-functional components) in the historical areas of Shiraz (Darb Shazdeh, Sare Dozak, Bazare Morgh, and Sange Siah). Methodology: The required data were collected through library studies and questionnaire completion. The statistical population of this study consists of citizens of four neighborhoods in eight district of Shiraz, equivalent 24871 people. Using Cochran's formula, 384 people were selected and questionnaire appropriate to the population of each neighborhood was randomly distributed and completed in the neighborhoods. In order to analyze the data, SPSS software and one-sample T-test were used, and in order to rank the neighborhoods, FMEA and fuzzy-TOPSIS were used by using AHP method in Expert-Choice Software. Results: The findings of the fuzzy TOPSIS model showed that the Sange Siah neighborhood with a weight of 0.618 was ranked first out of all the studied neighborhoods. Bazare Morgh neighborhood with a weight of 0.470 is in the second place, Darb Shazadeh with a value of 0.265 is in the third place and Sardozak neighborhood with a value of 0.083 is in the last place. At the end of the research, appropriate strategies are presented according to the research findings. Conclusion: The results of the one-sample T- Test indicate that the overall average of urban development policies and strategies with the approach of redevelopment and regeneration at the neighborhood level is undesirable. Background: Shiraz historical and cultural area is one of the ancient areas of the country, which has remarkable architectural and urban planning values due to its special architecture and urban context. The physical antiquity of the historical area and, consequently, its extreme complexity and therefore the specific social and economic problems of this context, is a factor in the direction of severe urban decline and consequently less local residents in renovation and housing in the context. Objectives: The present article intends to apply the FMEA and fuzzy TOPSIS techniques in the ranking of Shiraz historical sites with the aim of assessing the feasibility of sustainable urban regeneration policies (including economic, managerial, legal, participatory, socio-demographic, cultural-tourism, environmental, and physical-functional components) in the historical areas of Shiraz (Darb Shazdeh, Sare Dozak, Bazare Morgh, and Sange Siah). Methodology: The required data were collected through library studies and questionnaire completion. The statistical population of this study consists of citizens of four neighborhoods in eight district of Shiraz, equivalent 24871 people. Using Cochran's formula, 384 people were selected and questionnaire appropriate to the population of each neighborhood was randomly distributed and completed in the neighborhoods. In order to analyze the data, SPSS software and one-sample T-test were used, and in order to rank the neighborhoods, FMEA and fuzzy-TOPSIS were used by using AHP method in Expert-Choice Software. Results: The findings of the fuzzy TOPSIS model showed that the Sange Siah neighborhood with a weight of 0.618 was ranked first out of all the studied neighborhoods. Bazare Morgh neighborhood with a weight of 0.470 is in the second place, Darb Shazadeh with a value of 0.265 is in the third place and Sardozak neighborhood with a value of 0.083 is in the last place. At the end of the research, appropriate strategies are presented according to the research findings. Conclusion: The results of the one-sample T- Test indicate that the overall average of urban development policies and strategies with the approach of redevelopment and regeneration at the neighborhood level is undesirable.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_4007_1690a650846f1b8e6fdfddcc3717ef96.pdf