University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 5 2 2021 06 22 Exploring the concept of place attachment in phenomenology and psychometrics; identifying the capacity of reflective interaction for theoretical development Exploring the concept of place attachment in phenomenology and psychometrics; identifying the capacity of reflective interaction for theoretical development 1 18 4559 10.22124/upk.2021.16159.1434 FA Aliakbar Salaripour Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning and Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Seyed Abdolhadi Daneshpour Department of Urbanism, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Maryam Safaye Karpour Lecturer, Department of Urban Planning and Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Journal Article 2020 04 05 Background: Studies of place attachment can be divided into two parts based on their methodological approach. These two parts are based on two different paradigms in place research: phenomenology and psychometrics. Also, there is multiplicity of specific concepts which is perceived by many critics to have vague and fuzzy definitions and reflects inadequate specification of distinctions and linkages among concepts. Therefore, numerous authors have expressed concerns about lack of conceptual clarity and theory development in research on place. Objectives: This research is an investigation on different kinds of definition and operationalization of the concept of place attachment and its linkage to other place concepts in two different paradigms: phenomenology and psychometrics. Methodology: Qualitative content analysis method has been used in this research to interpret the relation of place attachment to other place concepts. Analyzing the quality of application and operationalization of this concept in empirical studies is better way to increase knowledge about it and this is because of that methodology reflects underlying normative philosophical commitments of the researcher and how these commitments shape different understandings from one concept. Results: According to content analysis, each of these paradigms has shed light on different dimensions of the concept. Interpreting place attachment based on paradigmatic context is best way to clarify its position among place constructs, because methodology of researches reflects differences in world view and mechanism of concept generation for experimental studies. Conclusion: It can be concluded that attempts to integrate divergent assumptions may lead to miscommunication by obscuring significant conceptual distinctions. While there are profound philosophical differences between these two paradigms, their reflective interaction must be considered for theoretical development. Reflective interaction means a more open look at the complementary role of the two paradigms in the improvement of knowledge that enables urban planners to build more attractive places in practice. Background: Studies of place attachment can be divided into two parts based on their methodological approach. These two parts are based on two different paradigms in place research: phenomenology and psychometrics. Also, there is multiplicity of specific concepts which is perceived by many critics to have vague and fuzzy definitions and reflects inadequate specification of distinctions and linkages among concepts. Therefore, numerous authors have expressed concerns about lack of conceptual clarity and theory development in research on place. Objectives: This research is an investigation on different kinds of definition and operationalization of the concept of place attachment and its linkage to other place concepts in two different paradigms: phenomenology and psychometrics. Methodology: Qualitative content analysis method has been used in this research to interpret the relation of place attachment to other place concepts. Analyzing the quality of application and operationalization of this concept in empirical studies is better way to increase knowledge about it and this is because of that methodology reflects underlying normative philosophical commitments of the researcher and how these commitments shape different understandings from one concept. Results: According to content analysis, each of these paradigms has shed light on different dimensions of the concept. Interpreting place attachment based on paradigmatic context is best way to clarify its position among place constructs, because methodology of researches reflects differences in world view and mechanism of concept generation for experimental studies. Conclusion: It can be concluded that attempts to integrate divergent assumptions may lead to miscommunication by obscuring significant conceptual distinctions. While there are profound philosophical differences between these two paradigms, their reflective interaction must be considered for theoretical development. Reflective interaction means a more open look at the complementary role of the two paradigms in the improvement of knowledge that enables urban planners to build more attractive places in practice.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_4559_ed4249f672cfb0ab6e560419747b657f.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 5 2 2021 06 22 Scrutinizing the Position and Process of Emotions in the Interactive Framework of Humans and the Environment Scrutinizing the Position and Process of Emotions in the Interactive Framework of Humans and the Environment 19 35 4346 10.22124/upk.2020.14609.1314 FA Esmat Paikan PhD Candidate, Department of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Mohammadreza Pourjafar Professor, Department of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Ehsan Ranjbar Assistant Professor, Department of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2019 10 14 Background: The environment can cause positive and negative emotions in the citizens. An important part of the importance of emotions is due to the impact on people's behaviors. Because the extraction of emotional responses is one of the best ways to understand different fields of experience and perception. A descriptive review of studies has shown that the mechanism of emotional processes in human-environment interaction have not been considered so much in studies. Scrutinizing the place of emotions in the framework of human-environment interaction in deeper layers, requires the discovery of the emotional mechanism and its relationship with the human-environment interaction, which is the main concern of this research. Objectives: This research seeks to provide a comprehensive framework for human interaction with the environment by exploring the position and mechanism of emotional processes with the help of complementary fields of study. Methodology: The research method is qualitative content analysis. In the first step, by comparative analysis of the researches, the initial research model is presented. Then, by analyzing the content of studies in the field of emotion psychology, the mechanism of emotional processes has been inferred. The conclusion of the research is to Scrutinize the place of the emotional process in the model of human-environmental interaction. Results: In the proposed framework, it was found that in addition to two cognitive and interpretive processes affecting behavior that occur under the influence of perceptual conditions and environmental and physical conditions, emotional processes occur when a person is in an environment with emotional potential. Which can either remain at the level of emotional perception or lead to emotional experience if motivated by emotional stimuli. Finally, experience or emotional perception can, under the influence of higher-level processes, lead to certain behaviors and feelings in the environment or its emotional evaluation. Conclusion: The perceived emotional quality of the environment is also affected by both the perceived environmental characteristics and the individual characteristics and can be one of the most important triple behavioral components. This shows the importance of attention to the emotional stimuli of the environment in environmental design and planning. Background: The environment can cause positive and negative emotions in the citizens. An important part of the importance of emotions is due to the impact on people's behaviors. Because the extraction of emotional responses is one of the best ways to understand different fields of experience and perception. A descriptive review of studies has shown that the mechanism of emotional processes in human-environment interaction have not been considered so much in studies. Scrutinizing the place of emotions in the framework of human-environment interaction in deeper layers, requires the discovery of the emotional mechanism and its relationship with the human-environment interaction, which is the main concern of this research. Objectives: This research seeks to provide a comprehensive framework for human interaction with the environment by exploring the position and mechanism of emotional processes with the help of complementary fields of study. Methodology: The research method is qualitative content analysis. In the first step, by comparative analysis of the researches, the initial research model is presented. Then, by analyzing the content of studies in the field of emotion psychology, the mechanism of emotional processes has been inferred. The conclusion of the research is to Scrutinize the place of the emotional process in the model of human-environmental interaction. Results: In the proposed framework, it was found that in addition to two cognitive and interpretive processes affecting behavior that occur under the influence of perceptual conditions and environmental and physical conditions, emotional processes occur when a person is in an environment with emotional potential. Which can either remain at the level of emotional perception or lead to emotional experience if motivated by emotional stimuli. Finally, experience or emotional perception can, under the influence of higher-level processes, lead to certain behaviors and feelings in the environment or its emotional evaluation. Conclusion: The perceived emotional quality of the environment is also affected by both the perceived environmental characteristics and the individual characteristics and can be one of the most important triple behavioral components. This shows the importance of attention to the emotional stimuli of the environment in environmental design and planning.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_4346_9c2cd9e10cd2abe36fdefe7bb21bffbb.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 5 2 2021 06 22 Explain the concepts and approaches of polycentricity urban regions; The conceptual framework Explain the concepts and approaches of polycentricity urban regions; The conceptual framework 37 62 4673 10.22124/upk.2021.16155.1433 FA Ali Hosseini Assistant Professor, Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Ahmad Pourahmad Professor, Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2020 04 05 Background: Early decentralization and changes in information technology, transportation, and communications led to major structural changes in cities that led to the emergence of polycentric urban region (PUR). In recent years, however, polycentric urban development has become an important topic of discussion among urban researchers, geographers, planners, economists, and urban policymakers, and each has addressed and defined it from its own perspective. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the theoretical approaches of polycentricism and explain it from the perspective of related concepts and approaches to explain a conceptual framework for understanding the spatial structure. Method: These operational concepts and definitions were derived from theoretical discussions, which included the first step, planning. Research sources were examined based on the world's most authoritative scientific database. In the second step, resource retrieval was performed based on keywords, title and abstract, and finally, in the third step, analysis and conceptual model were developed. Result: The findings of the analysis showed that the concept of polycentric can be explained based on the dimension of intra-urban and inter-urban geographical scale and the nature of analysis and prescriptive. Studies have also shown that the functional polycentric urban area is less well understood than the morphological. The morphological approach is based on population, activity, or employment, and the functional approach emphasizes infrastructure networks, flows, and interactions between urban nodes as inter-city relationships, distance, daily traffic, and network activity. The distribution of currents in this approach can be one-way or two-way. Also, urban systems with spatial integration may have a functional structure, be unbalanced, and on the other hand, functionally balanced urban systems may have weak or strong spatial integrity. Conclusion: For polycentric urban region, the four dimensions of analytical-descriptive research to show, measure, and determine the status quo of a spatial structure are a conceptual dimension for the spatial configuration of such a structure, the spatial dimension for the realization of an analytical conceptual dimension. Prescription and functional dimension and morphology are recognizable. Background: Early decentralization and changes in information technology, transportation, and communications led to major structural changes in cities that led to the emergence of polycentric urban region (PUR). In recent years, however, polycentric urban development has become an important topic of discussion among urban researchers, geographers, planners, economists, and urban policymakers, and each has addressed and defined it from its own perspective. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the theoretical approaches of polycentricism and explain it from the perspective of related concepts and approaches to explain a conceptual framework for understanding the spatial structure. Method: These operational concepts and definitions were derived from theoretical discussions, which included the first step, planning. Research sources were examined based on the world's most authoritative scientific database. In the second step, resource retrieval was performed based on keywords, title and abstract, and finally, in the third step, analysis and conceptual model were developed. Result: The findings of the analysis showed that the concept of polycentric can be explained based on the dimension of intra-urban and inter-urban geographical scale and the nature of analysis and prescriptive. Studies have also shown that the functional polycentric urban area is less well understood than the morphological. The morphological approach is based on population, activity, or employment, and the functional approach emphasizes infrastructure networks, flows, and interactions between urban nodes as inter-city relationships, distance, daily traffic, and network activity. The distribution of currents in this approach can be one-way or two-way. Also, urban systems with spatial integration may have a functional structure, be unbalanced, and on the other hand, functionally balanced urban systems may have weak or strong spatial integrity. Conclusion: For polycentric urban region, the four dimensions of analytical-descriptive research to show, measure, and determine the status quo of a spatial structure are a conceptual dimension for the spatial configuration of such a structure, the spatial dimension for the realization of an analytical conceptual dimension. Prescription and functional dimension and morphology are recognizable.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_4673_960465a62c65bdf36359756bcf07ec40.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 5 2 2021 06 22 Analyzing the Compliance of Open Space of Residential Complexes with the Approach of "Child-Friendly City" And Its Promotion through Children's Participation (Case Study: Amin Residential Complex in Yazd City) Analyzing the Compliance of Open Space of Residential Complexes with the Approach of "Child-Friendly City" And Its Promotion through Children's Participation (Case Study: Amin Residential Complex in Yazd City) 63 78 4677 10.22124/upk.2021.15594.1389 FA Fatemeh Karimi M.A. student in Urban Planning, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Samaneh Jalilisadrabad Assistant Professor of Regional & Urban Planning, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2020 02 01 Background: In the past, the open space and yards in houses provided possibility for children to play, do activities and connect with nature; But lifestyle changes and the prevalence of apartment living have posed challenges to children's physical and mental health, such as social isolation, inactivity, and disconnection from nature. In this situation, proper design of open spaces in residential complexes can replace the yard and open space in the past. Objectives: Due to the importance of open space of residential complexes in the healthy physical and psychological growth of children, this research seeks to investigate the compliance of open space of Amin residential complexes with the approach of "child-friendly city" and its promotion through children's participation. Methodology: This research is applied. The content analysis method used 30 interviews with parents and children and 30 drawings drawn by children in the age range of 7-12 years. The interviews were conducted based on the conceptual model derived from literature and background. Results: In the case study, safety, space, and land use categories are the most considered and repeated, but the child's activity and participation have the least repetition. Also, the concepts of communication with nature, green space and play space for group games have the most attention and interest among children. Conclusion: Based on analysis of findings and Children's participation, development of green play, and teaching spaces in the open space of residential complexes, designing children's transit routes, development of participatory activities between adults, and children, and provision of essential and required services for children in residential complexes can develop, and improve the child's friendly open space. Background: In the past, the open space and yards in houses provided possibility for children to play, do activities and connect with nature; But lifestyle changes and the prevalence of apartment living have posed challenges to children's physical and mental health, such as social isolation, inactivity, and disconnection from nature. In this situation, proper design of open spaces in residential complexes can replace the yard and open space in the past. Objectives: Due to the importance of open space of residential complexes in the healthy physical and psychological growth of children, this research seeks to investigate the compliance of open space of Amin residential complexes with the approach of "child-friendly city" and its promotion through children's participation. Methodology: This research is applied. The content analysis method used 30 interviews with parents and children and 30 drawings drawn by children in the age range of 7-12 years. The interviews were conducted based on the conceptual model derived from literature and background. Results: In the case study, safety, space, and land use categories are the most considered and repeated, but the child's activity and participation have the least repetition. Also, the concepts of communication with nature, green space and play space for group games have the most attention and interest among children. Conclusion: Based on analysis of findings and Children's participation, development of green play, and teaching spaces in the open space of residential complexes, designing children's transit routes, development of participatory activities between adults, and children, and provision of essential and required services for children in residential complexes can develop, and improve the child's friendly open space.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_4677_9ed40d3dd282db5c1026624b649a4c58.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 5 2 2021 06 22 Evaluate and Analyze the Status of Good Urban Governance Indicators (Case Study: Genaveh City) Evaluate and Analyze the Status of Good Urban Governance Indicators (Case Study: Genaveh City) 79 94 4578 10.22124/upk.2021.16306.1451 FA Ali Beiruti PhD Student of Urban Planning, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Dubai Branch, Islamic Azad University,,United Arab Emirates, Keramatollah Ziari Professor of geography and urban planning, Faculty of geography, university of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Hossein Soltan Zadeh Associate Professor of Architecture, Department of Architecture and urban planning, Faculty of Architecture and urban planning , Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University ,Tehran ,Iran Journal Article 2020 04 19 Background: The existence of issues and problems due to the rapid growth of urbanization in the country and the impossibility of managing urban society with existing traditional tools and methods, has doubled the need to change the way of managing and administering cities. This change can be achieved using a good urban governance approach. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate and analyze the status of good urban governance indicators in Genaveh. Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical and in order to collect information, documentary and field methods and questionnaire tools have been used. The statistical population of the study consists of citizens of Genaveh city including 73472 people. The sample size was distributed through Cochran's formula of 384-people by simple random sampling method. According to the theoretical foundations of research and previous studies, research indicators include: participation, efficiency and effectiveness, political stability, access to information, social justice, responsibility, community-centeredness and legality. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and T-Test sampling, analysis of variance and multivariate regression. Results: The results of T-Test-sampling show that among the indicators examined, the worst situation is the access and information index with an average (2.34) and the participation index with an average (2.78) has the highest score. Efficiency and effectiveness index with average (2.72), political stability index (2.38), social justice index (2.64), legality index (2.73) and community-oriented index with average (2.37) are also lower than the moderate (3). In order to explain the effect of good urban governance indicators in explaining citizen satisfaction, variance analysis was used. Conclusion: Based on the results, 55% of the changes in good urban governance can be explained by the linear combination of independent variables (eight dimensions of governance). Also, the results of regression showed that there is a significant relationship between the level of satisfaction with the eight dimensions of the governance index and the final satisfaction with good urban governance at a level of 99% confidence. The overall average of good governance indicators in Genaveh is not lower than the average and also is not in good condition. Background: The existence of issues and problems due to the rapid growth of urbanization in the country and the impossibility of managing urban society with existing traditional tools and methods, has doubled the need to change the way of managing and administering cities. This change can be achieved using a good urban governance approach. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate and analyze the status of good urban governance indicators in Genaveh. Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical and in order to collect information, documentary and field methods and questionnaire tools have been used. The statistical population of the study consists of citizens of Genaveh city including 73472 people. The sample size was distributed through Cochran's formula of 384-people by simple random sampling method. According to the theoretical foundations of research and previous studies, research indicators include: participation, efficiency and effectiveness, political stability, access to information, social justice, responsibility, community-centeredness and legality. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and T-Test sampling, analysis of variance and multivariate regression. Results: The results of T-Test-sampling show that among the indicators examined, the worst situation is the access and information index with an average (2.34) and the participation index with an average (2.78) has the highest score. Efficiency and effectiveness index with average (2.72), political stability index (2.38), social justice index (2.64), legality index (2.73) and community-oriented index with average (2.37) are also lower than the moderate (3). In order to explain the effect of good urban governance indicators in explaining citizen satisfaction, variance analysis was used. Conclusion: Based on the results, 55% of the changes in good urban governance can be explained by the linear combination of independent variables (eight dimensions of governance). Also, the results of regression showed that there is a significant relationship between the level of satisfaction with the eight dimensions of the governance index and the final satisfaction with good urban governance at a level of 99% confidence. The overall average of good governance indicators in Genaveh is not lower than the average and also is not in good condition.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_4578_cc4e9b06deabbeff5b3bf837b0f7c16a.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 5 2 2021 06 22 Identifying and Analyzing the Effective Factors in Iran`s Urban Land Policies Using MENTAl and MACTOR Models Identifying and Analyzing the Effective Factors in Iran`s Urban Land Policies Using MENTAl and MACTOR Models 95 111 4345 10.22124/upk.2020.16050.1423 FA Mirnajaf Mousavi Professor of Geography, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Hassan Hekmatnia Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Javad Jahangirzadeh Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Mohammad Rasoli PhD student in Geography and Urban Planning, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran Sharareh Saidpour PhD student in Geography and Urban Planning, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2020 03 19 Background: Urban land policy is one of the important areas of public policy and in some countries, such as Iran, urban land policies and the position of land management have neglected. And this has made it necessary to change attitudes towards urban land and urban land policies in Iran. Objectives: The purpose of this research is to Identify and analyze the effective factors in Iran's urban land policies. Methodology: The type of research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. It should be noted that the relationship between indicators and actors was assessed by experts in urban affairs has been done by sampling snowballs. Mental and Maker software was used to analyze the data. 15 factors have been used to analyze and evaluate urban land policies in Iran. Using Mantal software, the relationship between variables is evaluated and key factors were extracted. Finally, the key factors influencing Iran's urban land policies as well as the relative power of the actors and their agreement with the goals and priority of each goal were identified from their point of view. Results: According to the findings of Mental software, 5 key factors influencing urban land policies were identified and the results extracted from Maktor software showed that the dominant actors of the system who had the most impact on Iran's urban land policies; these include the legislature, the Ministry of the Interior, the Housing and Urban Development Foundation. Conclusion: The results of the research showed that most of the actors agree on the objectives of urban land policies in the first place, given the integrity of the responsible institutions, has been the need to reduce parallel work. In the second place, the improvement of the executive power of the institutions, in such a way that the performance of the institutions is in harmony with the institutions of other sectors finally, the access of information by the institutions has been agreed upon by the creation of a land database. Background: Urban land policy is one of the important areas of public policy and in some countries, such as Iran, urban land policies and the position of land management have neglected. And this has made it necessary to change attitudes towards urban land and urban land policies in Iran. Objectives: The purpose of this research is to Identify and analyze the effective factors in Iran's urban land policies. Methodology: The type of research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. It should be noted that the relationship between indicators and actors was assessed by experts in urban affairs has been done by sampling snowballs. Mental and Maker software was used to analyze the data. 15 factors have been used to analyze and evaluate urban land policies in Iran. Using Mantal software, the relationship between variables is evaluated and key factors were extracted. Finally, the key factors influencing Iran's urban land policies as well as the relative power of the actors and their agreement with the goals and priority of each goal were identified from their point of view. Results: According to the findings of Mental software, 5 key factors influencing urban land policies were identified and the results extracted from Maktor software showed that the dominant actors of the system who had the most impact on Iran's urban land policies; these include the legislature, the Ministry of the Interior, the Housing and Urban Development Foundation. Conclusion: The results of the research showed that most of the actors agree on the objectives of urban land policies in the first place, given the integrity of the responsible institutions, has been the need to reduce parallel work. In the second place, the improvement of the executive power of the institutions, in such a way that the performance of the institutions is in harmony with the institutions of other sectors finally, the access of information by the institutions has been agreed upon by the creation of a land database.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_4345_c18dd0cfcfaa6b08b0795531bba4b71a.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 5 2 2021 06 22 Creating Cultural Tourism Loyalty: The Effect of the City`s Lasting Experience, Cultural Connection and Tourist Participation in Masouleh Creating Cultural Tourism Loyalty: The Effect of the City`s Lasting Experience, Cultural Connection and Tourist Participation in Masouleh 113 132 4147 10.22124/upk.2020.13945.1257 FA Mohsen Akbari Associate Professor, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Reza Esmaeilpour Associate Professor, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Hamed Razavi Chomachaie MSc Student in Strategic Management, Rahbord Shomal University, Rasht, Iran Mohammad Hataminejad PHD Student in Business policy, Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Journal Article 2019 07 29 Background: Tourist loyalty to tourist cities such as Masouleh can have many benefits. For example, the consumption of goods and services produced by residents of tourist cities, job creation in tourism-related service industries such as restaurants, transportation, hotels, etc. can be examples of these benefits. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the creation of loyalty in cultural tourism using sustainable experience, cultural communication and tourist participation. Methodology: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of this study consists of tourists in Masouleh and natives of Guilan province. Due to the nature of the community, SPSS Sample Power software was used to determine the optimal sample size, of which 431 people were considered as a sample. Necessary data were collected using a questionnaire with a range of 5 options (strongly disagree to strongly agree) and to analyze the data from SPSS and Smart PLS 3 software and structural equation modeling (SEM) with partial least squares method to examine the conceptual pattern of the research. The present research model is divided into two levels; the measurement model (reliability, factor loading, convergent validity and divergent validity) and the structural model (coefficient of determination, coefficient of predictive power, t-statistic) are fitted and then the research hypotheses are tested. Results: According to the results of data analysis, six hypotheses were confirmed and one hypothesis was rejected; Testing the hypotheses showed that tourist participation affects the variables of cultural communication and the tourist's lasting experience. The variable of cultural connection affects the lasting experience of the tourist. Also, the cultural relationship variable plays a mediating role between the relationship between tourist participation and the tourist's lasting experience. The lasting experience of the tourist also affects the variables of intention to travel again and intention to recommend to others; But the effect of being indigenous or non-indigenous did not make a difference on the research results. After quantitative analysis of the model, the researchers analyzed the model results in two consecutive sessions in the form of a focus group with the presence of eight tourists from Masouleh. When tourists have participated in cultural activities, this participation has enabled them to establish a close relationship with the tourist destination and their hosts. Conclusion: "Tourist participation" explained 83% of the changes in "cultural communication" and the effectiveness of this effect was confirmed at a significance level of 99.9%. "Tourist participation" explained 64% of the changes in "sustainable tourist experience" and its effect was confirmed at a significance level of 99.9%. "Cultural relevance" explains 20% of the changes in the "sustainable tourist experience", in addition this impact has also been confirmed at the 99.9% confidence level. "Sustainable tourist experience" explained 76% of the changes of "intention to travel again" and 73% of changes of "intention to advise others" and this effect was confirmed at 99% confidence level. Background: Tourist loyalty to tourist cities such as Masouleh can have many benefits. For example, the consumption of goods and services produced by residents of tourist cities, job creation in tourism-related service industries such as restaurants, transportation, hotels, etc. can be examples of these benefits. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the creation of loyalty in cultural tourism using sustainable experience, cultural communication and tourist participation. Methodology: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of this study consists of tourists in Masouleh and natives of Guilan province. Due to the nature of the community, SPSS Sample Power software was used to determine the optimal sample size, of which 431 people were considered as a sample. Necessary data were collected using a questionnaire with a range of 5 options (strongly disagree to strongly agree) and to analyze the data from SPSS and Smart PLS 3 software and structural equation modeling (SEM) with partial least squares method to examine the conceptual pattern of the research. The present research model is divided into two levels; the measurement model (reliability, factor loading, convergent validity and divergent validity) and the structural model (coefficient of determination, coefficient of predictive power, t-statistic) are fitted and then the research hypotheses are tested. Results: According to the results of data analysis, six hypotheses were confirmed and one hypothesis was rejected; Testing the hypotheses showed that tourist participation affects the variables of cultural communication and the tourist's lasting experience. The variable of cultural connection affects the lasting experience of the tourist. Also, the cultural relationship variable plays a mediating role between the relationship between tourist participation and the tourist's lasting experience. The lasting experience of the tourist also affects the variables of intention to travel again and intention to recommend to others; But the effect of being indigenous or non-indigenous did not make a difference on the research results. After quantitative analysis of the model, the researchers analyzed the model results in two consecutive sessions in the form of a focus group with the presence of eight tourists from Masouleh. When tourists have participated in cultural activities, this participation has enabled them to establish a close relationship with the tourist destination and their hosts. Conclusion: "Tourist participation" explained 83% of the changes in "cultural communication" and the effectiveness of this effect was confirmed at a significance level of 99.9%. "Tourist participation" explained 64% of the changes in "sustainable tourist experience" and its effect was confirmed at a significance level of 99.9%. "Cultural relevance" explains 20% of the changes in the "sustainable tourist experience", in addition this impact has also been confirmed at the 99.9% confidence level. "Sustainable tourist experience" explained 76% of the changes of "intention to travel again" and 73% of changes of "intention to advise others" and this effect was confirmed at 99% confidence level.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_4147_09d3c552c8a4096684e153eac8317f87.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 5 2 2021 06 22 Explanation of the Role of Power-knowledge in the Spatial Planning with Emphasis on Disciplinary Power and Bio-Power Explanation of the Role of Power-knowledge in the Spatial Planning with Emphasis on Disciplinary Power and Bio-Power 133 151 4681 10.22124/upk.2021.18399.1597 FA NASER NEJATI PhD Candidate in Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Mozaffar Sarrafi Professor, Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Design, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Reza Najafzadeh Assistant professor, Department of Political Thought and Science, Faculty of Economics and Political Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2020 12 29 Background: In spite of existing several urban development plans in developing countries and the major use of instrumental rationality in the preparation of these plans, it can be seen that the problems of these cities, including informal settlements, dilapidated fabric and urban economy, have not been solved and got worse and worse. Therefore, instead of analyzing the process and implementation of urban development plans, the hidden aspect of urban theory, power, and the effect of that in the process of urban planning must be considered that usually is neglected by urban planners. Objectives: The main purpose of this study is to explain the role of power-knowledge in the process of spatial planning by emphasis on disciplinary power and bio-power. Methodology: The approach of this study is social constructionism and the research method is Foucault discourse analysis by accepting this hypothesis that capitalism is shifting from imperialism to empire. In addition, two aspect of Power-knowledge such as disciplinary power and bio-power are analyzed and then the role of power in the process of spatial planning from the point of view of critical urban theory is defined. Results: From a power-knowledge perspective, Foucault's production of space is not merely derived from the laws and regulations and formal process of spatial planning, and several factors, including disciplinary knowledge and discourse, disciplinary institutions, permanent exceptions, and bio-power, are effective in spatial planning. Conclusion: It is necessary thaturban planners in addition to traditional urban planning approaches that they have learned in university, consider power-knowledge issue in the process of urban planning to be more efficient in the informal process of urban planning. Background: In spite of existing several urban development plans in developing countries and the major use of instrumental rationality in the preparation of these plans, it can be seen that the problems of these cities, including informal settlements, dilapidated fabric and urban economy, have not been solved and got worse and worse. Therefore, instead of analyzing the process and implementation of urban development plans, the hidden aspect of urban theory, power, and the effect of that in the process of urban planning must be considered that usually is neglected by urban planners. Objectives: The main purpose of this study is to explain the role of power-knowledge in the process of spatial planning by emphasis on disciplinary power and bio-power. Methodology: The approach of this study is social constructionism and the research method is Foucault discourse analysis by accepting this hypothesis that capitalism is shifting from imperialism to empire. In addition, two aspect of Power-knowledge such as disciplinary power and bio-power are analyzed and then the role of power in the process of spatial planning from the point of view of critical urban theory is defined. Results: From a power-knowledge perspective, Foucault's production of space is not merely derived from the laws and regulations and formal process of spatial planning, and several factors, including disciplinary knowledge and discourse, disciplinary institutions, permanent exceptions, and bio-power, are effective in spatial planning. Conclusion: It is necessary thaturban planners in addition to traditional urban planning approaches that they have learned in university, consider power-knowledge issue in the process of urban planning to be more efficient in the informal process of urban planning.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_4681_761c45e1ab571bd34dc83c3324ac6243.pdf

University of Guilan Urban Planning Knowledge 2645-5412 5 2 2021 06 22 Urban Third Places; Scene of Creating Social and Recreational Society Hangouts in the Community, Case study: A Comparative Study of Cafes in Regions 1 and 4 of Urmia City Urban Third Places; Scene of Creating Social and Recreational Society Hangouts in the Community, Case study: A Comparative Study of Cafes in Regions 1 and 4 of Urmia City 153 170 4664 10.22124/upk.2020.16926.1505 FA Asghar Abedini Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Urban Planning and Art, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Meysam Saket Hasanlouei Faculty of Architecture, Urban Planning and Art, Urban Planning Department, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Journal Article 2020 08 30 Background: Nowadays, the third urban places is a place to emanate informal life versus official life. Urban cafes include as one of micro-social phenomena, modern and intellectual space and part of third urban places, urban spaces are considered beyond the place of living and working, which emphasizes dynamism, vitality and they provide the desired efficiency of space, a platform for sustainable social interactions, the active presence of citizens and the formation of social life. Objectives:The present study, with applied purpose and descriptive- analysis nature tries to use Oldenburg's idea in library documents to make comparative study of cafes in regions 1 and 4 of Urmia city from the perspective of a compatible and suitable scene for recreational and social hangouts. Methodology: Methods used in analyzing research data, using document selection methods, field identification and stratified random sampling and the use of Shannon and Mabac entropy techniques to weigh the components and ranking the proposed regions. Results: Based on the analysis of research data and according to the findings, the "personality" indicator in region 1 of the Urmia has the highest level of desirability and compatibility. Also, the indicator of "comfort and tranquility" has a good situation in region 1 of the city. In addition, the indicators of "place of recreation and leisure" and "dynamics of local and indigenous interaction" in the 4th region of Urmia, respectively, have the most unfavorable situation among other indicators. Conclusion: The results of the analysis indicate that the of regions 1 of Urmia city with increasing and significant development in physical, social, quality of space and cultural dimensions, had more favorable conditions in improving and creating third urban places (cafe) and reproduction of recreational and social hangouts of urban society. Background: Nowadays, the third urban places is a place to emanate informal life versus official life. Urban cafes include as one of micro-social phenomena, modern and intellectual space and part of third urban places, urban spaces are considered beyond the place of living and working, which emphasizes dynamism, vitality and they provide the desired efficiency of space, a platform for sustainable social interactions, the active presence of citizens and the formation of social life. Objectives:The present study, with applied purpose and descriptive- analysis nature tries to use Oldenburg's idea in library documents to make comparative study of cafes in regions 1 and 4 of Urmia city from the perspective of a compatible and suitable scene for recreational and social hangouts. Methodology: Methods used in analyzing research data, using document selection methods, field identification and stratified random sampling and the use of Shannon and Mabac entropy techniques to weigh the components and ranking the proposed regions. Results: Based on the analysis of research data and according to the findings, the "personality" indicator in region 1 of the Urmia has the highest level of desirability and compatibility. Also, the indicator of "comfort and tranquility" has a good situation in region 1 of the city. In addition, the indicators of "place of recreation and leisure" and "dynamics of local and indigenous interaction" in the 4th region of Urmia, respectively, have the most unfavorable situation among other indicators. Conclusion: The results of the analysis indicate that the of regions 1 of Urmia city with increasing and significant development in physical, social, quality of space and cultural dimensions, had more favorable conditions in improving and creating third urban places (cafe) and reproduction of recreational and social hangouts of urban society.

https://upk.guilan.ac.ir/article_4664_f3d40281b90b8fcdab1f6ebb4861753b.pdf