The Theories Investigation on Urban codes and Their Adaptation with the Contemporary Iranian Cities

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD in Urban Planning and design, Faculty of Engineering, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Professor of Urban Planning and design Department, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

3 Professor of Urban Planning and design Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Art, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

4 Associate Professor, Department of Urban Planning and design, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Art, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to identify the theoretical foundations of different approaches to urban codes and to examine their applicability in contemporary Iranian city, using descriptive and analytical-comparative method with documentary studies. Theoretical bases of the research were used to explain the role of urban codes and to compare different approaches, by introducing the components of place, city as a sustainable place and placemaking. The study of the developments showed that, comprehensive planning theory aimed at creating order in traditional cities put "function" on the basis of the urban codes, but its inefficiency initially led to the creation of flexible zoning techniques and Since 1960s with Complexity theory and the design of the two approaches of relation- based and norm-based, the new urbanism theory with the Form-based approach, and the evolutionary theory with a hybrid approach, were critically criticized. Comparison of different approaches shows that, given the lack of an integrated approach to the city and public and private spaces in the contemporary Iranian city,choosing the theory of New urbanism and prioritizing 'form' over 'function' in the form-based approach as a holistic approach to public and private spaces, with a clear structure and a participatory process, has transformed it into a tool of placemaking and realization of sustainable development, while creating flexibility in function codes. It has the potential to provide a suitable form of "Urf"-custom- as a supporter of urban codes in the contemporary Iranian city and the quality of the public spaces can be made more achievable and less susceptible to private abuse.

Keywords

References

Abdi Daneshpour, Z. (2015). An Introduction to Planning Theorieswith Special Reference to Urban Planning Theories. Beheshti University Publication, Tehran, Iran. (in Persian)
Abdollahpour, S. (2017). Applying Form-Based Codes in Urban Zoning (Case Study: second district of Babolsar city). M. A. Thesis, Art and Arcitecture Department, Tehran University, Iran. (in Persian)
Alexander, C. (1979). The timeless way of building. New York: Oxford University Press.
Aliakbari, F. & Ghahremani, H. (2012). Form-Based Codes, A Solution for Urban Design-Based Development. 14th Urban Planning and Management Conference, Mashhad, Iran. (in Persian)
American Planning Association. (2006). Planning and Urban Design Standards, Zoning Regulation, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey., retrieved from www.planning.org/LBCS.
Batty, M. & Marshall, S. (2012). The Origins of Complexity Theory in Cities and Planning. In Portugali et al. (Eds.) Complexity theories of cities have come of age: An overview with implications to urban planning and design.
Batty, M. (2007). Complexity in City systems: Understanding, Evolution and Design. Center for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College, London.
Batty, M., & Longley, P. (1994). Fractal cities: A geometry of form and function. London: Academic Press.
Ben-Joseph, E. (2005). The Code of the City: Standards and the Hidden Language of Place Making. Boston, MA: The MIT Press.
Board, M. C. P. (2001). Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission. Everything You Always Wanted to Know about… Planning* Zoning Subdivision in Montgomery County, Maryland* But Were Afraid to Ask.
Bohl, Ch. (2002). Place Making: Developing Town Centers, Main Streets, and Urban Villages. Washington DC: Urban Land Institute.
Canter, D. (1977). The psychology of Place, London, Architectural Press LTD.
Carmona, M.; Marshall, S. & Stevens (2006). Design Codes: their Use and Potential. Progress in Planning, 65, pp: 209-289.
CMAP (2012). Form-Based Codes: A Step-by-Step Guide for Communities. Chicago Metropolitan Agency for planning.
Colander, D. & Kupers, R. (2014). Complexity and the Art of Public Policy-Changing Society from Bottom Up. Princeton University Press, US.
Cowan, R., & Rogers, L. (2005). The dictionary of urbanism (Vol. 67). Tisbury: Streetwise press.
Cullen, G. (1971). The Concise Townscape, Oxford, Butterworth Heinemann.
Cullingworth, B., Caves, R.W., Cullingworth, J. B., & Caves, R. (2013). Planning in the USA: policies, issues, and processes. Routledge.
Davidson, M. & Dolink, F. (2004). A Planners Dictionary. APA Planning Advisory Service.
Dawes, M. J., & Ostwald, M. J. (2017). Christopher Alexander’s A Pattern Language: analysing, mapping and classifying the critical response. City, Territory and Architecture, 4, 1.)
De Roo, G. & Rauws, W. (2012). Positioning Planning in the World of Order, Chaos and Complexity: On Perspectives, Behavior and Interventions in a Non-Linear Environment. In Portugali et al. (Eds.) Complexity Theories of Cities have Come of Age: An Overview with Implications to Urban Planning and Design (pp. 207-220). Springer, Germany.
DiZerega, G. (2008). New Directions in Emergent Order Research. Studies on Emergent Order, 1: 1-23.
Dunham-Jones, E. (2000). New urbanism as a counter-project to post-industrialism. Available at https: //placesjournal. org/assets/ legacy/pdfs/new-urbanism-as-a-counter-project-to-post-industrialism.pdf. Retrived, September 18, 2017.
Etesamypour, M. (2019). An Analysis of Urban Codes Evolution – a Case of Shiraz, Iran. Research and Urban Planning, 10 (37): 155-170. (in Persian)
Gharibpour, A. (2013). Terminology of Architectural Function. Honar-ha-ye-Ziba, 18 (1), 57-68. (in Persian)
Golkar, K. (2014). Creating Sustainable Place, Reflections on Urban Design Theory. Beheshti University Press. (in Persian)
Gowdy, L. M., (2009). A History, Evolution and Application of Form-Based Codes. A M.A. Thesis, Kansas State University, US.
Habibi, S. M. & Amiri, M. (2016). Righ to the City Form Current to Ideal City. Journal of Anthropology Research, 5 (2), 9-30. (in Persian)
Hakim, B. (1994). The "Urf" And Its Role in Diversifying the Architecture of Traditional Islamic Cities. Journal of Architecture And Planning Research11 (2), 108-127.
Hakim, B. (2008). Law and the Cities. In: S. Khadra Jayyusi, R. Holod, A. Petruccioli and A. Raymond, ed., the City in the Islamic World, 1st ed., 71-92. Boston, MA: Brill Academic Pub.
Journal of the American Planning Association, 75(2), 144-160.
Katz, P. (1994). The New Urbanism: Toward an Architecture of Community, McGraw-Hill,New York.
Katz, P. (2004). Form First: The new Urbanist Alternative to Conventional Zoning. Planning: 24-29; available at http: //formbasedcodes.org/resource.html. Retrieved, September 16, 2006.
King, R. (1996). The Emancipating Space: Geography, Architecture and Urban Design. The Guilford Press, New York.
Koher, T, (2004). From form to Function: An Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Potential of Form-Based Zoning Codes., M.A Thesis, Massachusetts University of Technology, USA.
Ma, C., & Toker, U. (2012). Form-based codes, design guidelines and placemaking: The case of Hayward, CA: a thesis. San Luis Obispo, Calif.: California Polytechnic State University.
Madanipour, A. (2013). Urban Design, Space and Society. Tehran University Publication, Tehran, Iran. (in Persian)
Marshal, E. (2009). Cities Design & Evolution. London: Routledge.
Marshall, S. (2011). Urban Coding and Planning. London: Routledge.
Marshall, S. (2012). Planning, design and the complexity of cities. In Portugali et al. (Eds.) Complexity theories of cities have come of age: An overview with implications to urban planning and design (pp. 191-205). Heidelberg, German: Springer.
Mehdizadeh, J. (2016). Strategic Urban Development Planning. Arcitecture and Urban Deputy, Tehran, Iran. (in Persian)
Moeeni, S. M. (2013). Urban Development Processess Plans. Azarakhsh Publication, Tehran. (in Persian)
Moroni, S. (2007). Planning, Liberty and the Rule of Law. Planning Theory, 6 (2), 146-163.
Moroni, S. (2010). Rethinking the Theory and Practice of Land-Use Regulation. Towards Nomocracy. Planning Theory, 9 (2), 137-155.
Moroni, S. (2012). Why Nomocracy: Structural Ignorance, Radical Pluralism and the Role of Relational Rules. Progress in Planning, 77 (2), 46-59.
Moroni, S. (2015). Complexity and the Inherent Limits of Explanation and Prediction: Urban Codes. Planning Theory, 14 (3), 248-267.
Nami, Gh. (2016). Basics of Visual Arts (Visual Communication). Tos Publication, Tehran, Iran. (in Persian)
Nayebi, M. H. (2011). Ability to Evaluate Intelligent Development Codes in the Process of Urban Land Use Planning (Case Study: 12 District of Tehran City). M. A. Thesis, Art and Arcitecture Department, Tarbiyat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. (in Persian)
Nguyen, N. (2015). Understanding the Generative Process in Traditional Urbanism: An Application Using Pattern and Form Languages. A published doctoral dissertation, Arizona state university.
Ostrom, E. (2010). Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems. American Economic Review, 100, 641-672.
Pandy, P. & Pandy, M. M. (2015). Research Methodology: Tools and Techniques, Romania, Bridge Center.
Parolek, D.G., Parolek, K. & Crawford, P.C, (2008). Form Based Codes: A Guide for Planners, Urban Designers, Municipalities and Developers. New York: Wiley.
PlaterZyberk, D. Company (DPZ). (2011). The Lexicon of New Urbanism. Available online: https://www. dpz. com/uploads/Books/Lexicon-2014. pdf.
Portugali, J. (2016). What makes cities complex?. In Complexity, cognition, urban planning and design (pp. 3-19). Springer, Cham.
Portugali, J., Meyer, H., Stolk, E. and Tan, E. (Eds.) (2012). Complexity Theories of Cities have Come of Age: An overview with implications to urban planning and design. Springer, Germany.
Rahnama, M., Roshani, P., Hassani, A. & Hossienpour, S. A. (2012). Use Principles of New Urbansim Approach in Designing Sustainable Urban Spaces. International Hournal of Applied Sciences and technology, 2 (7), 195-203.
Rangwala, K. (2009). Hybrid Codes versus Form-Based Codes, New Urban News. Available at http: //www.growsmartri.org/training/Hybrid%20Codes%20vs%20Form%20Based%20Codes%20-%20%20Article%20New%20Urban%20News.pdf Retrieved October 1, 2017.
Roberts, M., & Greed, C. (2014). Approaching urban design: the design process. Routledge.
Rouse, D. C.; Zobl, N. L.; & Cavicchia, G. P. (2001). Beyond Euclid: Integrating Zoning and Physical Design. Zoning News, American Planning Association.
SACOG (2008). Form-Based Code Handbook. Available at http: //www.sacog.org/sites/main/ files/fileattachments/ formbased_code_handbook_fnl_ aug08.pdf. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
Salehi, E. (2007). Role of Urban Planning Codes and Regulations in Fulfilment of Good City and Sustainable Urban Development (Case Study: Tehran). Journal of Environmental Studies, 32 (40), 51-62. (in Persian)
Seifolddini, F. (2012). Techincal Terms of Urban Land Use Planning Process. Torfe Publication, Tehran, Iran. (in Persian)
Silberberg, S. (2013). Places in the making: How place making Builds Places and Communities, MIT Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Retrieved from www.dusp.mit.edu.
Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture. (2010). Approvals of Iran’s Council of Urban Planning and Architecture. The Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture, Tehran, Iran. (in Persian)
Tabrizi,T.  (2016). Development of Urban Design Criteria and Improvement of Urban Landscape Quality Using Form-Based Codes (Case Study: Vesal Street in Shiraz City). M. A. Thesis, Art and Arcitecture University, Shiraz, Iran. (in Pesrain)
Talen, E. (2009). Design by the Rules: The Historical Underpinnings of Form-Based Codes.
Talen, E. (2012). City Rules: How Regulations Affect Urban Form. Island Press, London
Tan, E. & Portugali, J. (2012). The Responsive City Design Game. In Portugali et al. (Eds.) Complexity theories of cities have come of age: An overview with implications to urban planning and design (pp. 369-390). Springer, Germany.
Tavalaee, N. (2007). The Integrated Urban Form. Amirkabir Publication, Tehran, ran. (in Persian)
Taylor, N. (1998). Urban Planning Theory since 1945. SAGE Publications.
Vahabzadeh Manesh, S.; Tadi, M. and Zanni, F. (2012). Integrated Sustainable Urban Design: Neighborhood Design Proceeded by Sustainable Urban Morphology emergence. The Sustainable Citi, 2: 631-642.

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 06 February 2020
  • Revise Date: 19 February 2020
  • Accept Date: 08 April 2020

Share

How to cite

Statistics