Ashrafzadeh, Sh. S., & Kazemi, M. )2011(. Feasibility study of subsurface spaces in the central area of cities (A case study of the improvement and renovation plan around the holy shrine of Hazrat Reza (AS)). Paper presented at the Proceedings of the third conference on urban planning and management. Mashhad: Islamic Council of Mashhad. (in Persian)
Bardin, L. (1989). Content Analysis )M. Ashtiani & M. Yamani Dozi Sorkhabi, Trans.). Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University Press. (in Persian)
Bobylev, N. (2016). Underground space as an urban indicator: Measuring use of subsurface. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 55, 40-51.
Bellocchio Durso, H. (2011). Subway Spaces As Public Places: Politics And Perceptions of Boston’s. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MUP.
Calthorpe, P. (1993). The Next American Metropolis. Princeton Architectural Press.
Carmody, J., & Stirling, R. (1993). Design of Underground Spaces (V. R. Ebrahimi, Trans.). Mashhad: Samen Construction and Housing Co. (in Persian)
Chow, F. (2005). Underground Space: The Final Frontier. London: Geotechnical Consulting Group.
Cui, J. (2020). Building three-dimensional pedestrian networks in cities. Underground Space.
Cui, J., Allan, A., & Lin, D. (2010). The Development of Underground Pedestrian Systems in City Centres under the Guidance of Walkable Cities. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport & Regional Economics.
Cullen, G. (1961). The Concise Townscape (M. Tabibian, Trans.). Tehran: Tehran University Press. (in Persian)
Durmisevic, S., & Sariyildiz, S. (2001). A systematic quality assessment of underground spaces–public transport stations. Cities, 18(1), 13-23.
Durmisevic, S. (2002). Perception Aspects in Underground Spaces Using Intelligent Knowledge Modeling. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Delft University of Technology.
Durmisevic, S. (1999). The future of the underground space. Cities, 16(4), 233-245.
Dobinson, K., & Bovven, R. (1997). Underground Space in the Urban Environment Development and Use. The Warren Centre for Advanced Engineering, Sydney: The University Of Sydney Press.
Fabillah, H., & Nishi, J. (2006). Underground space use approach in Indonesia Jakarta mass rapid transit project case study. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 21, 3-4.
Ghaedi, M. R., & Golshani, A. R. (2016). Content Analysis Method, from Quantitative to Qualitative. Journal of Psychological Methods and Models, 23, 57-82. (in Persian)
Godard, J. P. (2004, May). Urban underground space and benefits of going underground. In World tunnel congres (pp. 1-9).
Golkar, K. (2011). Creating a Sustainable Place: Reflections on Urban Design Theory. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University Press. (in Persian)
Grosvenor, G. M. (1988). A hundred years of the National Geographic Society. Geographical Journal, 154(1), 87-92.
Hénard, E. (1910, October). The cities of the future. In Transactions. Paper presented at the Proceedings of Town Planning Conference, The Royal Institute of British Architects (pp. 345-367). London: Routledge.
Ishioka, H. (1992). Security management for underground space. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 7(4), 335-338.
Karimi Moshaver, M., & Negin Taji, S. (2012). The place of underground space in urban plans. Danesh Shahr, 12, 9-11. (in Persian)
Krier, R. (1975). Urban Space (Kh. Hashemynezhad, Trans.). Isfahan: khak Publication. (in Persian)
Knights, M., & Admiraal, H. (2009). The use of underground space in urban development. In Workshop'Underground Structures in Hot Climate Conditions', Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (pp. 8-9).
Lang, J. T. (1995). The human dimension of urban design. Urban Futures (Canberra), 17, 25-36.
Montazerolhodjah, M., Pourjafar, M., & Taghvaee, A. (2015). Urban underground development an overview of historical underground cities in Iran. Iran University of Science & Technology, 25(1), 53-60.
Maire, P., & Blunier, P. (2006). Underground Planning and Optimisation of the Underground Ressources’combination Looking For Sustainable Development In Urban. EPFL.
Mola'i, A. (2012). Human-oriented urban design with urban Underground development approach - Case study: Ghods Square to Tajrish Square, Tehran. (Unpublished master's thesis). Iran University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Architecture and Environmental Design, Urban Design. (in Persian)
Noghrehkar, A. H., & Alalhesabi, M. (2018). The Realization of Identity in Architecture and Urbanism. Tehran: Fekreno Press. (in Persian)
Naghizadeh, M. (2014). Urban and public spaces in Iranian cities. Ketab-e- Mah-e- Honar, 186, 9-10. (in Persian)
Pourjafar, M. R., Arbabzadegan Hashemi, S. A., & Pourjafar, A. (2015). Manifestation of the Iranian-Islamic Subculture in Designing Urban Spaces. Tehran: Armanshahr Press. (in Persian)
Pourjafar, A. (2015). Urban Design Guideline for Underground Urban Spaces, Case Study: Imam Khomeini Square. (Unpublished master's thesis). Tarbiat Modares University, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Urban Design. (in Persian)
Pourjafar, A. (2014). Feasibility of Creating Dual-purpose Underground Urban Spaces (Suitable for Crisis and Non-Crisis Conditions) with Emphasis on Defense Considerations. Research Project of the Passive Defense Studies Office of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran. (in Persian)
Pakzad, J. (2006). Theoretical foundations and urban design process. Tehran: Shahidi Publications. (in Persian)
Pakzad, J. (1996). Identity and this identity with space. Sofeh Magazine, 21-22, 100-106. (in Persian)
Ping, Z., Zhilong, C., Hongyu, Y., & Hui, W. (2009). On utilization of underground space to protect historical relics model. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 24(3), 245-249.
Takmil Homayoun, N. (1998). Social and Cultural History of Tehran. Tehran: Office of Cultural Research. (in Persian)
Tavassoli, M., & Naser B. (2007). Designing Urban Spaces. Tehran: Shahidi Publications. (in Persian)
Tehran Urban and Suburban Railway Operation Co. (2020).
Tehran Metro Map. Retrieved from
http://metro.tehran.ir