«مکان‏سازی» شهری با افزایش «پیاده‏ پذیری»مورد پژوهش: فضاهای شهری مجاور میدان توپخانه تهران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

دانشیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی

چکیده

بیان مساله: مفهوم میدان با برتری حس مکانی و حضور انسانی با فلکه متمایز می شودکه فضایی با گذر اتومبیل است. میدان باید مکانمند و دارای تعامل انسانی باشد. نادیده گرفتن این وجه تمایز و چیرگی اتومبیل یکی از اسباب نامناسب شدن فضاهای شهری از جمله میادین و خیابان های تاریخی شده‏است. پرسش‏‏‏ این است که چگونه ‏می‏توان ویژگی‏های «کالبدی» و «غیرکالبدی» در نمونه ای تاریخی مثل «میدان توپخانه» و چهار گذر شمالی-جنوبی رسیده به آن را متعادل نمود و زمینه‏‏ «مکانی» شدن آن ها را فراهم‏ساخت. پیاده پذیر شدن بیشتر تا چه میزان و چگونه در این فضاها موجب ارتقا حس مکان خواهد شد؟
هدف: این مقاله با هدف مکان سازی فضاهای شهری، نقش «پیاده‎پذیری» یک فضا را در«مکانمندی» آن می سنجد.
روش: بنابراین سنجه هایی برای ارزیابی فضای گذرهای مجاور شمال و جنوب استفاده شده است. اطلاعات ابتدا به روش دلفی از هفت گروه متخصص تراز اول طی پرسش‏نامه ساختارمند و از آرای مردمی گردآوری، سپس با روش آماری و مشاهدات میدانی یافته ها تحلیل شده است.
یافته ها: افزایش پیاده‎پذیری در این فضاها منجر به افزایش مکانمندی شده و لازم است ولی اصرار بر گزینه پیاده مداری صرف رضایت بخش نیست. این افزایش می تواند تا الگوی «خیابان کامل» پیش رود. گسترش پیاده‎پذیری از میدان تا خیابان‏های مجاور، کل محله، ارگ، محدوده تاریخی حصار اول و دوم تهران و ارتباط آن با کل شهر با این الگو قابل توصیه است.
نتیجه گیری: افزایش پیاده‎پذیری به معنی بهبود حس مکان است. در فضاهای تاریخی مراکز شهری، دست کم الگوی کامل حرکتی تعادل فضایی نسبی ایجاد می نماید. عدم مداخله یا مداخله های مطلق گرا رضایتمندی را کاهش می دهد. در میدان توپخانه و فضاهای مجاور، الگوی کامل حرکت میسر ولی باید با اولویت پیاده، سواره غیرموتوری، موتوری عمومی و خصوصی باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Place-Making through Walkability Case Study: Urban Spaces Adjacent to Toopkhaneh Square in Tehran

نویسنده [English]

  • Mahmud Rezaei
Department of Urban Design and Planning, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

This article, with the aim of changing an urban space into an urban place, measures the role of "walkability" in the sense of the place that it causes. The article tries to find how and to what extent the increase of walkability may develop and make the place more meaningful within the area.The research method is based on a case study in which the qualitative and quantitative data has been gathered through observations, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires. The efficient responses are assessed by the consensus of professionals, statistical documents as well as people’s opinions and field observations. Reviewing the urban design literature, the aspects of the place, as well as “walkability” factors are analyzed and three aspects, nine dimensions, and 23 measures are suggested to assess streets’ walkability. Information for each measure has then gathered through questionnaires and the entire outcome about research questions are statistically analyzed. Thus, both qualitative and quantitative methods are used together in this research.
Based on a Likert-type scale each criterion, addressed by each question, is rated from one to five that one equals the most acceptable, and five equals the worst. The survey also includes the SWOT analyses (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) addressing all questions. So, these diagrams again provide the ability to compare the qualitative measurement with the quantitative results of questioners. Based on this research, increasing the behavioral aspects of the studied streets will have the highest impact to balance the place quality. Pedestrianized streets have shown more balanced behavioral patterns, particularly in optional dimensions. Therefore, this research uses, for the first time, Jan Gehl’s model of triple behaviors, optional, social, and functional in order to define walkability.
This research concludes that the increase of walkability means the enhancement of place aspects that balance the physical and non-physical aspects of a place. It recommends walkability as the main factor to evaluate urban development plans in historic zones. The sense of a place perceived by people who walk within the cities is one of the imperative factors which must not be neglected.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Street Evaluation
  • Walkability
  • Pedestrian
  • Sense of Place
  • Place-making
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